An implicit discontinuous Galerkin method for modeling acute edema and resuscitation in the small intestine

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
<jats:p>Edema, also termed oedema, is a generalized medical condition associated with an abnormal aggregation of fluid in a tissue matrix. In the intestine, excessive edema can lead to serious health complications associated with reduced motility. A $7.5\%$ solution of hypertonic saline (HS) has been hypothesized as an effective means to reduce the effects of edema following surgery or injury. However, detailed clinical edema experiments can be difficult to implement, or costly, in practice. In this manuscript we introduce an implicit in time discontinuous Galerkin method with novel adaptations for modeling edema in the 3D layered physiology of the intestine. The model improves over early work via inclusion of the tissue intrinsic storage coefficient, and the effects of Starling overestimation for high venous pressures. Validation against a recent clinical experiment in HS resuscitation of acute edema is presented; the results support the clinical hypothesis that 7.5% HS solution may be effective in the resuscitation of acute edema formation. New results include an improved view into the effects of resuscitation on the hydrostatic pressure profile of edematous rats, effects on lumenal volume attenuation, relative fluid gain and an estimation of the impacts of both acute edema and resuscitation on intestinal motility.</jats:p>