Pierre and Marie Curie University

Due to its use in cryptographic protocols such as the Diffie--Hellman

key exchange, the discrete logarithm problem attracted a considerable

amount of attention in the past 40 years. In this talk, we summarize

the key technical ideas and their evolution for the case of discrete

logarithms in small characteristic finite fields. This road leads from

the original belief that this problem was hard enough for

cryptographic purpose to the current state of the art where the

algorithms are so efficient and practical that the problem can no

longer be considered for cryptographic use.

We review some recent progress in computing massless spectra 

and moduli in heterotic string compactifications. In particular, it was   

recently shown that the heterotic Bianchi Identity can be accounted 

for by the construction of a holomorphic operator. Mathematically,

this corresponds to a holomorphic double extension. Moduli can 

then be computed in terms of cohomologies of this operator. We 

will see how the same structure can be derived form a 

Gukov-Vafa-Witten type superpotential. We note a relation between 

the lifted complex structure and bundle moduli, and cover some 

examples, and briefly consider obstructions and Yukawa 

couplings arising from these structures.

Abstract : The question adressed in this talk is the following one : how are the extreme eigenvalues of a matrix X moved by a small rank perturbation P of X ?
We shall consider this question in its generic apporach, i.e. when the matrices X and P are chosen at random independently and in isotropic ways.
We shall give a general answer, uncovering a remarkable phase transition phenomenon: the limit of the extreme eigenvalues of the perturbed matrix differs from the original matrix if and only if the eigenvalues of the perturbing matrix are above a certain critical threshold. We also examine the consequences of this eigenvalue phase transition on the associated eigenvectors and generalize our results to examine the case of multiplicative perturbations or of additive perturbations for the singular values of rectangular matrices.