Student Life in Lockdown - Oxford Mathematics Undergraduates reflect

All over the world millions of students are experiencing a different life, one that is arguably the antithesis of most students' lives - an online, socially distant life. So what is that life like? How is it affecting how they learn, how they interact, most importantly, how they feel?

The best answer is to ask them all (and then ask again the next day maybe...). But we don't have that track and tracing ability here in Oxford Mathematics, so we have settled for asking a few of our Undergraduate students for their thoughts. They aren't representative of anyone except themselves but we suspect some of the themes may be familiar and even a little helpful.

What do they say? Well, you can read their thoughts and feelings in their own words below - they are a good read. However, some things stand out.

Teaching
Online lectures, classes and tutorials are working and have their advantages. Online lectures and classes work and not just because you don't have to drag yourself out of bed for 9am. Students can watch when suits them, can pause the lecture to recap, and join the online discussion. In addition, tutors are clearly doing all they can and receive much credit for it, though concentrating in online tutorials is a challenge. 

Studying
Self-discipline is obviously key, more so when you are detached from the usual learning environment. Again, the overall feedback is positive, notably the support from tutors, and there is no sense of being academically disadvantaged. But it is ALL online. There are no books, no libraries, no friends at the next table, no welcome interruptions. Every day can feel the same. 

Exams
Students are less comfortable at the thought of online exams. Can they guarantee no interruption from the world around them, human and mechanical? Might other students not play by the rules? And those who have had their exams cancelled are not getting the usual preparation for the bigger exams down the line (though some first year students whose exams have been cancelled will have College exams in their place to give them some sense of closure).

Social life
There is much happening online, and in some cases it has encouraged closer bonds (among families as well as fellow students), notably among those who have stayed in Oxford. But it isn't the same. Social life glues academic life together during a typical term. That is harder online.

And some friends will not see each other again, at least not in Oxford. They are deprived of their final term. Or their first summer term. These things are personal and precious.

But as the writing shows, there is also time to reflect, to try and understand what is going on and where it fits in. A normal student term isn't necessarily the best time to do that. But that's not to say everyone isn't longing to return. They miss each other and we miss them.

Jess, 3rd Year
Being at home during term almost feels like I’m back on study leave from school as I was during GCSE and A-Levels (except it’s noisier and more distracting now because everyone here is working from home). I had envisioned Trinity (Summer term) to involve days spent in the Maths Institute and various libraries revising for exams, spending time with my friends for whom this was their last term at Oxford, and then finally celebrating the end of exams at the end of term. However, instead I am stuck with only one study space (my bedroom), and all social events swapped for Zoom calls.

In terms of the ‘online term’, I haven’t had any new material to cover (as would have been the case anyway), only optional revision sessions to attend. Despite the initial worry about having to get all of my revision questions answered over email and Microsoft Teams, my concerns were soon relieved when I realised how much effort all of my lecturers and tutors have gone to in order to maintain a great standard of teaching and help us revise as well as they can. Some tutors have even gone beyond my expectations (I had a PDF of written solutions to my queries sent to me in Teams!). One thing I particularly like about the online classes, and am finding very useful, is that the notes made by my the tutor are sent to the students afterwards, meaning we can spend the class trying to understand the material and asking further questions, instead of rapidly trying to scribble workings down before they get wiped off the whiteboard!

Although the revision resources are really good, they haven’t quite removed the worry about the actual exams. One of my biggest concerns is that there’s no way to ensure the quiet exam environment we’d get in Oxford; you can’t shut off the roads beside your house, or ask all of your neighbours to be silent for 3 hours every time you have an exam! Furthermore, this problem will continue to worsen week on week now that lockdown is being relaxed, causing concern that having an exam in July will have adverse consequences, rather than benefits due to increased revision time. In addition, since the exam period has now been extended to a five-week period instead of each student having a fairly similar spread of exams like usual, it is now the case that while the majority of maths students are benefiting from nicely spread out exams, others (like myself) have unfortunately ended up with a stressful situation of four consecutive days of exams!

Matt, 1st Year
Trinity (Summer term) at home hasn't changed my education very much; For better or worse, it's gotten rid of the early mornings that come with going to lectures, as now I can watch them at any time. This allows me to streamline my workflow a lot more, but unfortunately it's not the Oxford experience I had in my first two terms. There's nothing like living with your best friends in college, the occasional formal dinner, or just walking through the Porters' Lodge (college entrance and home to post and porters, college staff who are the first port of call for just about anything). Me and my friends have been watching movies together and staging quiz nights, but I can't help but feel we've been pulled apart just when we were really starting to know each other. It's sad I might have to wait until next Trinity (Summer term) to go punting, or see Oxford when it's not gloomy, but on the other hand, I'm incredibly lucky that this is the worst consequence of Coronavirus I've experienced so far. It's also nice to spend more time with my dogs and family.

Tutorials are mostly unchanged, but it takes a lot of self control to stay focused when your tutor can't see if you're not really paying attention. I'm a bit relieved exams have been cancelled, as they normally cause me quite a lot of stress, even when I don't think I'm in danger of failing. I feel I'm really lucky to not be in the higher years - I'd loathe taking exams over the internet, and I'm not sure how being in such a different situation than expected would affect my performance. Some people are saying that first year is a good trial run for the exam period, so when the exams we're taking really matter we're familiar with their format. I'm not particularly worried about this as ultimately we're all in the same situation, but I hope this doesn't cause undue stress for anyone, that would have been avoided if we had proper exams this year. All I can hope now is that we're back by next Michaelmas (October term)! 

Disha, 2nd Year
When life gives you lemons, bake a lemon drizzle cake because quite frankly, why not?

I love baking, but baking hasn’t always loved me. Despite my best efforts, somehow my cakes always turned out inedible and my biscuits always unbreakable. Yet I’d keep trying, failing batch after batch much to the despair of my sister who’d still eat the burnt cookies to make me feel better. There were times where I just wanted to give up, what was the point anyway but somehow I’d always be enticed back for one more attempt. Feeling frustrated, I decided to call it quits until I found this food blogger online who seemed to share the same passion as me and I decided to try again. If you couldn’t tell already I decided to take up baking again and thank goodness I did.

Chocolate cakes, blueberry muffins, shortbreads, carrot cakes, banana breads (all vegan might I add), you name it, I’ve probably baked it in the last month. The satisfaction of finally being able to succeed after all those efforts was indescribable and I’ve already got my retirement plan all set out.

On the other hand, I have discovered a negative correlation between the amount of sunshine and my productivity. It’s been a lot harder trying to work when everyone else seems to be enjoying the sun and there are no libraries to work in but this has given me an opportunity to work on my self discipline and focus on the task available. I’ve found working with my sister to be very useful as we make a make-shift library on the kitchen table and repetitively shush each other. The thing that I’ve found has worked is the flexibility with lectures. I can now watch my 9am lecture at 9pm and pause, rewind and change the pace whenever I want. This means I no longer need to copy everything out and I can stop and think clearly every now and then when the proof seems a bit too tedious. 

Social life has actually improved, I’m actively seeking out my friends to have long talks with and I’m no longer restrained by specific lecture times. I’ve learnt to appreciate the little things a lot more and look forward to seeing them again soon. In all honesty, last term it felt like I was in a rush all the time and I just didn’t look up from the hustle and bustle of the everyday student life - lectures, worksheets, sleep and repeat was what my Hilary term (January term) had finally reached and I’m glad I’ve had this opportunity to make better use of family time, think about my life and goals and have the chance to finally breathe. I feel a lot calmer at home as a result.

My baking skills have now flourished - in between every problem sheet I’ve added a coffee cake or some muffins to the mix. My endeavours have been received very well by my sister who finally doesn’t have to eat the burnt mess I used to make. One day, after another slice of cake, my youngest sister (who’s six years old) asked me “Why are you doing maths Disha when you could be a baker, now everyone loves your cakes” and it got me wondering why was I doing maths. Surely baking felt more enjoyable than the million problem sheets I had on my desk which were just sitting gathering dust.

But then it hit me: why had I started in the first place? I decided to take a walk - don’t worry I kept a two metre distance - and I reached my answer. Maths is just beautiful, as a friend once told me. Exploring a new topic is like navigating your way through a dark room, you feel your way around, you trip and fall a couple of times (maybe more if you’re as clumsy as me) but then you finally hit the light switch, switch it on and boom, everything just makes sense now - there are still plenty of rooms left to discover but, hey, that’s for another day. Baking probably wouldn’t have been as fun if I’d gotten it all right the first time, it was the fact that I had to keep trying and trying and trying before I was able to make a successful cake that made the cake even sweeter. That’s the same with the problem sheets, the moment when you think you just can’t do it and you hit that eureka moment is what keeps inspiring me to keep going on. And yes while working on one problem I may still have a million and one problems left but that shouldn’t take me away from the problem I’m focusing on. Forgive the cliche but it's all about the climb.

Even in these unprecedented times, I’ve got something that truly makes me happy and gives me the hope to go on and the stability to stay grounded. I think I’ve changed very much this term, I’ve learnt to look at the positives a lot more. Yes I can’t go out and hang out with my friends but I’ve now got the time to take this new topic I’m learning and truly get to grips with it… and bake another cake! Even if I still haven’t switched on the lights in all the rooms, that's okay because #saveelectricity #savetheplanet

Beth 3rd Year
This term has certainly been quite strange, but not always in bad ways. I’ve enjoyed spending more time at home with my family (and not having to worry about cooking food every night)! 

The move to online classes has been convenient in some ways, for instance it makes it easy to ask questions during the class using the chat box feature. However, I do miss the Maths Institute building and being able to study without always using screens.

Whilst it’s a shame not to see my friends at Oxford, I’ve still kept in contact with them and I’ve also done video call revision sessions with students on my courses which has been a fun way to schedule in social events. My tutors also organised a tea party on Zoom as a chance for the mathematicians at my college to catch up with each other and ask any questions we had, which was really fun.

It has certainly been a surreal term and I’m looking forward to going back to college - whenever that may be!

Josh, 2nd Year
In many ways life in lockdown is just the same as life as normal. Well, not Oxford term normal but Oxford vacation perhaps. But maybe Oxford term normal too. I mean it is completely different but it’s also completely familiar. I’ve had plenty of days in term time where social activity is written off and I condemn myself to my desk facing the wall in my room. Days where the only social interaction is the little chat with my friends over dinner in Hall. Or in the vacation when I’ve realised I really do need to do some more preparation for these Collections (College exams) and I spend the day cramming theorems instead of seeing my friends in the pub.

I guess the difference is that now the days like that are everyday. Well, not quite like those days because I’m not working all day. At first it felt like the Oxford workload was really a bit more manageable than it had always seemed, perhaps that’s what happens when you subtract the turbo-charged social scene. But as time is going on it is feeling less and less like that though. It’s a bit harder to work, a bit harder to motivate yourself when everyday is exactly the same. Because that’s the crux of it, isn’t it? Everyday is the same. There’s no uncertainty, no surprises. You spend each day roughly doing what you did the day before. I guess that’s what happens when you can’t see other people, not face to face that is.

But then these days we can see them can’t we. Well, not ‘them’ them, but screen them. Sometimes a video call with friends or even a ‘meeting’ with a society committee can pick my mood right up. It can energise me in all spheres of life whether that’s motivating me to study, finding the strength to smash through a workout or just having a present and engaging interaction with my family. Not always though, in fact sometimes it’s the opposite. Every now and again screen fatigue hits me hard because it seems that life itself is now on screens. If I’m reading lecture notes it’s on screens, doing my philosophy reading it’s screens, catching up with my friends it’s screens, taking a study break watching Netflix, it’s screens. Every now and again I’m forced to take a screen detox to recover and it does work. Exercise works wonders for this and my Government mandated walks to the beach, just as the sun begins to set, have been the highlight of many a day in lockdown. 

I would say that the transition to online learning has been smoother than expected. Well, there have been a few hiccups. It’s much easier to zone out of a tutorial when you don’t have your video on and you’ve been asked to mute your microphone for sound quality reasons.  In fact it’s very easy to. Then there’s the awkward silences where no one quite knows who’s turn it is to speak in the absence of social cues. I do think my College tutors have been exceptional though, they’ve clearly put a real effort into adapting to the situation, especially when they are not by nature the most tech savvy individuals. So far I don’t really feel as though I’m being academically disadvantaged but it is getting trickier week on week. 

My role as JCR President of my Junior Common Room has certainly added to the difficulty. Sometimes it’s the straw that breaks the camel’s back, particularly as I feel a kind of responsibility for how those in my JCR are finding their time in lockdown. But it’s also the cause of many of my happiest moments, whether that’s the virtual open mic nights, the mammoth Zoom quizzes or the silly challenge videos made by those running in the JCR committee elections.

In conclusion, life is the same but very different. Things are by no means awful, but they could certainly be better. Having said that, however the mood of my writing has come across so far I do remain optimistic. Our lives will be affected by this lockdown for a long time to come and many lives will have been damaged along the away. But I think there is something to look to. We will return to our pseudo-normal lives with a gratitude for it’s simple building blocks. Being able to retire to the College bar after a shift in the library, being surrounded by friends when in that library, being able to laugh with friends about your most recent escapades, being able to go on escapades. Perhaps it seems naively optimistic, perhaps it is, but I believe that such a gratitude has the potential to transform a person’s worldview, to instil a deep and enduring peace in life. I do suspect we have to choose it though.

Diana, 4th Year
This is about a lockdown experience in Oxford of a fourth year international Maths student. I decided to stay here over the Easter holiday and Trinity (Summer term) to finish my dissertation and prepare for exams; it seems that Oxford is a more productive environment than home. Another reason is that I have a handful of friends staying here, we are all accommodated in the same annex of Hertford College, so we are allowed to spend time together in communal kitchens and the outside garden. 

So far, this Trinity term has been a completely different experience from a usual Oxford term. There are many things I miss, mostly people who are not here and student societies. Also, I miss my family and the possibility of visiting them for a few weeks as I usually do in the Easter holiday. However, being in Oxford with my friends and boyfriend and doing more inside activities together such as cooking, doing the cleaning up (because scouts (cleaners) are not allowed to come), helping each other with health issues, made Oxford feel like home more than ever. We found a few ways of enjoying time such as using someone’s video projector to simulate cinema experience, getting a shared kayak and rowing in turns on the river next to our accommodation, trying new boardgames. My college has been helpful with providing welfare support, for example I even tried yoga for the first time via an online class they offered, and they put together some very helpful studying advice.

Out of all years (in Maths), fourth year students’ academic experience of Trinity term is the least changed one, because we wouldn’t normally have lectures anyway and writing a dissertation is an independent task, whose format hasn’t been affected. Online revision classes are indeed a pretty different thing, I very much prefer the live experience of going to the Maths Institute and it feels more engaging to participate in person than on video chat. However, I like the idea of sharing solutions after the class, I find it very helpful to see model solutions when checking my work and it feels easier to focus on the specific topics I had troubles with. I think the most different part is going to be sitting exams. I have a few worries regarding the new format, it seems like there is no point in assessing bookwork anymore (students will have their notes with them for online 'open-book' exams, unlike for usual exams), so it might be more difficult to gain those easy points. Also, I fear a little about the possibility of collaboration among students, but I really hope my score will not be affected by any of these.

Overall, I am happy with the decision of spending this lockdown period in Oxford, both from a social and academic point of view.

Please contact us with feedback and comments about this page. Created on 26 May 2020 - 13:13.

Ann Mitchell (1922-2020) - Codebreaker, Social Reformer and Oxford Mathematician

When Ann Mitchell was called up for war service in 1943 in the Foreign Office, she had no idea what kind of job she was accepting. The Oxford Mathematics graduate spent the next two years at Bletchley Park, cracking the secret Enigma messages sent by the Germans in the Second World War. It was the beginning of a remarkable life.

Born and brought up in Oxford, Ann won a scholarship to Headington School for Girls, where she showed an aptitude for maths despite being discouraged: “My headmistress firmly told my parents that mathematics was not a ladylike subject,” she recalled. “However, my parents overruled her and I pursued my chosen path.” Thanks to her enlightened parents she was one of only five women accepted to read maths at Oxford University in 1940. 

University in wartime had its privations, particularly in winter as her room in Lady Margaret Hall was heated by an open fire but, due to rationing, there was only enough coal for one day and one evening a week. However, Ann thrived, helping in the war effort and swimming for the University. She graduated in mathematics from Oxford in 1943 and the University Appointments Board sent her to a place called Bletchley in Buckinghamshire, to become a temporary assistant in the Foreign Office.

Ann was assigned to the brick-built Hut 6 Machine Room. The Machine Room was connected to the Watch, which was the vital hub around which the whole of Hut 6 dealt with the high priority German army and air force codes, most important of which was the ‘Red’ code of the Luftwaffe. The experts could deduce by the call-signs or radio frequencies from which unit the message had originated and their first task was to make an informed guess about the wording. They wrote out some of the jumbled nonsense which had been received and underneath wrote a ‘crib’ of the probable German text. Ann’s key role was the next step in breaking the code, composing a menu that showed links between the letters in the text received and the crib, with the more compact the menu the better. 

Ann and her colleagues in Hut 6, most of whom had degrees in economics, law or maths, worked round the clock in shifts, from 9 am to 4 pm, 4 pm to midnight or midnight to 9 am, with two weeks on each shift and one free day each week. It was relentless and demanding work, yet they never knew (and didn’t ask) where their work came from or where it went to next. 

Ann never told anyone, not even her husband, about her wartime role. But in the 1970s the secret was out and Ann was able to tell her story, not least to an avid media. She said: “It was a fillip towards the end of my life, suddenly to have risen in importance, to go from being a nobody to a somebody. A whole past that nobody was interested in and suddenly lots of people are. It’s very strange.” The Enigma codebreakers were formally recognised in 2009 when Ann and other surviving Bletchley veterans were awarded a commemorative badge by GCHQ. “I am proud of what we did,” she said. “It is just a small badge, but it means a lot to me.”  Ann and her colleagues are celebrated in Tessa Dunlop's The Bletchley Girls: War, secrecy, love and loss: the women of Bletchley Park tell their story, Hodder and  Stoughton, 2015.

After the war Ann worked as a secretary before meeting her future husband Angus. They moved to Edinburgh, where Angus rose to become Secretary of the Scottish Education Department, and where they brought up their three children. Ann was keen on social issues and trained as a volunteer counsellor for the Edinburgh Marriage Guidance Council. In time, she noticed that the focus of failing marriages was almost entirely on the parents, while children were left to muddle through. She decided to research the effects of divorce on children and was astonished to find it had never been done before.

Her ground-breaking research led not only to an MPhil from Edinburgh University, it also prompted changes to Scottish law which ensured that the needs of children were properly taken into account in a divorce settlement. Her first book ‘Someone to Turn To, Experiences of Help before Divorce’ (1981), examined where recently divorced people had sought or received help when their marriages had broken up, exposing substantial dissatisfaction with Scottish legal procedures. She was particularly concerned that the needs and feelings of children were often ignored, and her seminal work ‘Children in the Middle’ (1985) documented this poor state of affairs and gave considerable impetus to the use of mediation in family cases.

Having published several books on divorce, aimed not just at researchers but also at parents and the children themselves, her writing took a new tack with two acclaimed local history books on Edinburgh, ‘The People of Calton Hill’ (1993) and ‘No More Corncraiks’ (1998). Then at the age of 89 she published a biography of her mother, Winifred.

In 2019 Ann was part of the Forgotten Women of Oxford Computing Project led by Ursula Martin which celebrated the until now hidden history of Oxford women's pioneering role in the development of computing. Ann's son Andy told Ursula that his mother "was delighted, not to say flattered, that she is still remembered.” She shouldn't be, even if it took us all so long.

Many thanks to Andy Mitchell for providing much of the material for this obituary.

Please contact us with feedback and comments about this page. Created on 18 May 2020 - 11:13.

Helen Byrne and Benjamin Walker recognised by the Society for Mathematical Biology

Oxford Mathematicians Helen Byrne and Benjamin Walker are among the recipients of the Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB)'s 2021 Awards for established mathematical biologists.

Helen becomes a Fellow of the Society, a programme that honours members of the Society who are recognised by the scientific and scholarly community as distinguished contributors to the discipline and also contributors to the Society. This honour will be bestowed at the SMB annual meeting in Riverside in 2021.

Ben has been awarded the H. D. Landahl Mathematical Biophysics Award. This Award recognises a graduate student who is making outstanding scientific contributions to mathematical biology during doctoral studies. Ben is being honored for outstanding contributions modelling flagella and Leishmania and numerical analysis of swimming, and also for his future as a bright leader in the field.  He will receive a certificate at the SMB Ceremony at the Annual Meeting.

 

Please contact us with feedback and comments about this page. Created on 14 May 2020 - 18:55.

Oxford Mathematics during lockdown - Online Student Lectures

Like many Universities around the world, Oxford has gone online for lockdown and that has included our undergraduate lectures. Normally delivered in packed lecture halls by a lecturer and a whiteboard (sadly blackboards are now emiriti), we have had to rapidly adjust to an online substitute. So how do they look? Well, we'll be doing a feature on the student experience soon, but in the meantime take a look for yourself courtesy of two lectures: the first is from Marc Lackenby's 2nd Year Lecture course on Graph Theory, the second from Ben Green's 2nd Year course on Number Theory. When watching lectures, students can also access course materials online (as can you!). 

More widely, we are making student lectures available to the wider Public (both the online and the lecture theatre versions) to give an insight in to the student experience and how we teach Maths in Oxford. All lectures are followed by tutorials where pairs of students spend an hour with their tutor to go through the lectures and accompanying work sheets.

There are many more lectures on our YouTube Channel via the Student Lecture playlist. 

Please contact us with feedback and comments about this page. Created on 07 May 2020 - 16:03.

The Best of Oxford Mathematics Open Days - your questions answered

Lockdown hasn't stopped our Oxford Mathematics Open Days. And it hasn't stopped hundreds of prospective students attending and asking questions as we all met up online. In fact we received over 500 questions on the two recent Open Days (April 25 and May 2) so we thought we would pull out the most popular and make a short film of answers.

So if you want to know about whether doing four 'A' levels is an advantage, whether your GCSEs matter, what the accommodation is like or even whether the vegan options in Colleges are any good, then here you go. Five minutes of answers courtesy of Admissions guru James Munro and Maddy, Lauren, Max and Beth, four of our Oxford Mathematics students.

And keep an eye on this page for details of our next Q&A session for prospective students on 4th June 2020 @3pm. The focus will be on the Mathematics Admissions Test (MAT) but James will also be taking questions on all subjects (or nearly all).

 

 

Please contact us with feedback and comments about this page. Created on 07 May 2020 - 15:27.

Oxford Mathematics Online Public Lecture: Renaud Lambiotte - Smartphones vs COVID-19. Wednesday 13 May, 2020, 5.00-6.00pm

Oxford Mathematics Online Public Lecture
Renaud Lambiotte - Smartphones vs COVID-19

Wednesday 13 May 2020
5.00-6.00pm

For several weeks news media has been full of how contact tracing Smartphone apps could help fight COVID-19. However, mobile phones can do more than just trace - they are vital tools in the measurement, prediction and control of the virus.

Looking at recent epidemics as well as COVID-19, Renaud will discuss the different types of data that researchers have been collecting, demonstrating their pros and cons as well as taking a wider view of where mobile data can help us understand the impact of lockdowns on social behaviour and improve our ways of calibrating and updating our epidemiological models. And he will discuss the issue that underpins all this and which is vital for widespread take-up from the Public: privacy and data protection.

Renaud Lambiotte is Associate Professor of Networks and Nonlinear Systems in Oxford.

Watch live:
https://twitter.com/OxUniMaths
https://www.facebook.com/OxfordMathematics
https://livestream.com/oxuni/lambiotte

The Oxford Mathematics Public Lectures are generously supported by XTX Markets.

Please contact us with feedback and comments about this page. Created on 06 May 2020 - 11:14.

Oxford Mathematician Ehud Hrushovski elected Fellow of the Royal Society

Congratulations to Oxford Mathematician Ehud Hrushovski who has been elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). Ehud is Merton Professor of Mathematical Logic at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. He studied in the University of California, Berkeley, and worked in Princeton, Rutgers, MIT and Paris and for twenty five years at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem before coming to Oxford.

Ehud's work is concerned with mapping the interactions and interpretations among different mathematical worlds. Guided by the model theory of Robinson, Shelah and Zilber, he investigated mathematical areas including highly symmetric finite structures, differential equations, difference equations and their relations to arithmetic geometry and the Frobenius maps, aspects of additive combinatorics, motivic integration, valued fields and non-archimedean geometry. In some cases, notably approximate subgroups and geometric Mordell-Lang, the metatheory had impact within the field itself, and led to a lasting involvement of model theorists in the area. He also took part in the creation of geometric stability and simplicity theory in finite dimensions, and in establishing the role of definable groups within first order model theory. He has co-authored papers with 45 collaborators and has received a number of awards including the Karp, Erdős and Rothschild prizes and the 2019 Heinz Hopf prize.  

Oxford Mathematics now has 27 Fellows of the Royal Society among its current and retired members: John Ball, Bryan Birch, Martin Bridson, Philip Candelas, Marcus du Sautoy, Artur Ekert, Alison Etheridge, Ian Grant, Ben Green, Roger Heath-Brown, Nigel Hitchin, Ioan James, Dominic Joyce, Jon Keating, Frances Kirwan, Terry Lyons, Philip Maini, Jim Murray, John Ockendon, Roger Penrose, Jonathan Pila, Graeme Segal, Martin Taylor, Ulrike Tillmann, Nick Trefethen, Andrew Wiles, and Ehud himself of course.

Please contact us with feedback and comments about this page. Created on 29 Apr 2020 - 13:24.

Smartphones, Open Book Exams and Cats - how Oxford Mathematics is teaching and assessing in a lockdown world

How do you handwrite maths during a video teaching session?  How do students submit handwritten work electronically?  Are cats allowed to attend tutorials?

These are the kinds of questions that many mathematicians in universities around the world are suddenly grappling with, as we shift our teaching and learning, and our assessment, online.  We in Oxford Mathematics together with colleagues across the University have had to move very quickly to find new ways to teach and assess to the standards which we and our students expect; just as importantly, we need to support and keep in touch with our students who are now separated from us and each other in many countries across the world.

So what have we done?
In line with University guidance, we have made modifications to plans for exams for our third-year, fourth-year and MSc students, so that they can still complete their courses and (where relevant) graduate this summer.  They will sit their exams remotely, as open book exams.  And yes, importantly, they can write their solutions by hand as usual, and then submit them as a pdf.  Our second-year students will sit their exams in the next academic year instead, while our first years will progress to next year automatically, but still have the opportunity to demonstrate and receive feedback on their progress and achievement at the end of this academic year.

Many of our undergraduate students have returned home, although some remain in Oxford and are being supported by colleges.  Consequently we have been considering students' differing circumstances when planning our teaching and learning activities for the term: students will have a variety of devices and levels of internet access, and are in time zones right round the world.  Our lectures for first-year and second-year students will be delivered by prerecorded videos, available for students to watch at any time.  Gone are the days of 9 o'clock lectures (or 9.05am lectures if we are honest)!  Colleges are making provision for online tutorials and classes.  We will support third-year, fourth-year and MSc students through a mix of written content, prerecorded video, and live, interactive sessions. 

This all sounds fine, but of course all involved need to feel comfortable to the point where they can concentrate on the mathematics and not worry about the technology. We have created advice for staff and students on teaching online, and many have already attended online practice sessions to connect and to explore the different solutions available. For example, one good tool for many will be the smartphone-as-visualiser, with the key step being to get the pile of books just the right height before the phone is balanced on top of it. Who says smartphones have taken over our lives (see photo)?

We recognise the demands that these changes are placing on students and staff, and we are aware that we will only know how well they are working once they start - they can't replace face-to-face engagement but equally they might broaden our thinking about how we do things in future, especially as we turn our thoughts to the next academic year. However, there is a distinct and heartening community spirit as we come together to face these challenges.  All this alongside caring responsibilities for many, and ongoing research in all aspects of mathematics, including those relevant to COVID-19.  Teaching might not look quite the same this term, but the mathematics will be as good as ever.  And yes, cats are welcome at tutorials. As are dogs, rabbits...

Please contact us with feedback and comments about this page. Created on 22 Apr 2020 - 16:49.

Oxford Mathematics Online Open Days Saturdays 25 April & 2 May

The show goes on and that means the vital role of explaining what we do and what you need to do to join us as a student in Oxford Mathematics.

Our two Open Days will do just that. Admissions Guru James Munro will be live, talking about life in Oxford, explaining the Admissions process and, together with some of our students, answering any questions you want to ask. In addition there will be talks covering different aspects of the curriculum.

So please join us. All you have to do is go to this page a few minutes before 10.30am on each of the next two Saturdays (25 April & 2 May) and all will be explained, including how to ask questions in real time. The talks will all remain available after the livestream finishes.

Take care all

Please contact us with feedback and comments about this page. Created on 21 Apr 2020 - 11:41.

The modelling of infectious diseases - Robin Thompson answers your questions

Yesterday, April 8th, Oxford Mathematician Robin Thompson gave a hugely well-received Oxford Mathematics Online Public Lecture on how mathematicians model infectious diseases such as COVID-19. We hope that it will continue to provide a useful introduction to mathematical models of infectious disease outbreaks (and how they can inform public health measures). It would be impossible to answer all of the questions that have been submitted, but we have selected eleven at random (we are mathematicians after all), and Robin has answered them here.

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Thanks for the lecture. Just a quick question: in the models, why do social distancing measures affect the infection rate (beta)?
Chris, via email

Thanks for your question, Chris. The parameter beta represents the infection rate between pairs of infectious and susceptible hosts. Beta therefore depends on the contact rate between infectious and susceptible hosts, as well as the probability of infection per contact. If a social distancing strategy is introduced, then the contact rate between infectious and susceptible hosts decreases (everyone in the population has fewer contacts). As a result, beta decreases.

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Is it clear that the R state exists for coronavirus?
Nic, via Vimeo live chat

The epidemiology of the novel coronavirus is still not fully understood. However, it is unlikely that individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 can be reinfected soon afterwards, due to the body’s antibody response. How long this antibody response lasts for is as yet unknown, but immunologists think that it is likely to be months or years.

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Why is the contact matrix not symmetric?
Jerome, via Vimeo live chat

A few different people asked this question. Any two specific individuals will of course have the same number of contacts with each other. However, in general, an individual of age x may have a different number of contacts with individuals of age y than an individual of age y has with individuals of age x. This is because there are different numbers of individuals in different age groups.

For example, imagine a tiny population of five people, consisting of a grandparent and their four grandchildren. Suppose that the grandparent contacts each grandchild once per week. Then, in this small population, the grandparent would have four contacts per week with younger individuals, but each younger individual would only have one contact per week with grandparents.

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How do you estimate uncertainty in your parameter estimation?
Alexey, via Vimeo live chat

Great question, Alexey. I am guessing that you are a mathematician, so I can give a relatively technical answer! There are a number of ways to include uncertainty in estimates of the parameters governing disease transmission. For the stochastic simulation models, one way to do this is to estimate parameter values using a statistical inference technique such as Markov chain Monte Carlo, which generates a (joint) posterior distribution for the parameter values. Then, in each forward simulation, we sample the parameter values at random from the posterior, giving a wide range of possible future dynamics. It is really important that this entire range of forecasts is communicated to policy-makers who are making decisions about which public health measures to introduce.

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Thank you from Spain. I’m a mathematician, not an expert in this area, and I would like to ask for some bibliography regarding epidemiological models, and their mathematical properties. I’m mainly interested in deterministic models.
Jorge, via Facebook

There are some excellent resources about epidemiological modelling that are available. One book that I have found particularly useful is Keeling and Rohani’s 'Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals'. Another useful book for mathematicians about the mathematical properties of epidemic models is 'Mathematical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases' by Diekmann and Heesterbeek. But there are lots of other resources out there – some of which are online and available for free!

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For data on values such as Beta and Lambda, do researchers rely on pre-existing processed data or do they gather data in real time and process it?
Omar, via Facebook

This is a great question, Omar. Usually, epidemiological modellers rely on both of these approaches – some parameter values are estimated using existing data (or observations from previous outbreaks, for diseases that cause recurring outbreaks) and others are estimated and updated in real-time as an outbreak is ongoing. This real-time estimation is usually carried out by fitting the transmission model to data on, for example, the numbers of cases or deaths per day.

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The parameter beta in the SI model is the same for the S-equation and the I-equation – why is that?
Ana, via Facebook

Hi Ana, thanks for your question. The idea there is that individuals move from the susceptible class (S) to the infectious class (I) when they contract the virus – so the same number of individuals leave S as enter I. The parameter beta determines the rate at which individuals leave S and enter I, and so it is the same in both equations (one equation for leaving S, and the other for entering I).

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How do we/can we understand the different outcomes between a relatively light and relatively strict lockdown?
Andrew, via Twitter

Models can be used to explore how case numbers are likely to change under different potential control measures. To consider the difference between a light and strict lockdown, the key change is likely to be the number of contacts that individuals in the population make. This can be adjusted in the models by changing the value of the infection rate parameter, beta.

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Why don’t the models of lockdown account for the economic impact and the downstream suicide rate?
Richard, via Email

This is a very important question. The potential economic impacts of control interventions and mental health effects should definitely be factored into decisions being made by policy-makers. Outputs from the models presented here could in theory be taken and used for additional analyses assessing the economic impacts and downstream suicide rates. Crucially, the output from models like those presented here represents only one of a range of factors that policy-makers should consider when deciding which interventions to introduce. Responses to infectious disease outbreaks rely on expertise from individuals in a range of fields.

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Superb talk! How is R0 affected by COVID-19’s ability to remain infectious on surfaces?
Sarah, via Twitter

This is a great question – thanks Sarah! COVID-19 infections can occur via a number of different routes, including inhalation of droplets, transfer via contaminated surfaces, and possibly faecal-oral transmission. In principle, R0 can be split up according to each of these different components. R0 can then be calculated as the sum of the reproduction number values for each mode of transmission. 

An excellent study by Christophe Fraser’s team here in Oxford looked recently at dividing the reproduction number up between asymptomatic transmission (i.e. transmissions from infectious individuals that never show symptoms), presymptomatic transmission (i.e. transmissions from individuals that show clear symptoms, before those symptoms develop), symptomatic transmission and environmental transmission.

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What it the rate of transmission of COVID-19?
Amaan1001, via Instagram

The transmissibility of the novel coronavirus is governed by the reproduction number, which represents the average number of individuals that an infectious host is likely to infect over their course of infection. Initial reproduction number estimates for COVID-19 were roughly in a range of between 2 and 3, although it depends on the precise setting. However, the number of individuals that any infectious host is likely to infect can be reduced substantially by public health measures such as social distancing, which is why we must all follow social distancing guidelines. You might be interested in this tracker of reproduction number estimates through time in different countries (full disclosure: I am involved in it, but the hard work is being done by Dr Sam Abbott and the rest of Dr Seb Funk’s excellent team at LSHTM!).

Please contact us with feedback and comments about this page. Created on 09 Apr 2020 - 16:00.