Past

The formation of steady patterns in one space dimension is generically

governed, at small amplitude, by the Ginzburg-Landau equation.

But in systems with a conserved quantity, there is a large-scale neutral

mode that must be included in the asymptotic analysis for pattern

formation near onset. The usual Ginzburg-Landau equation for the amplitude

of the pattern is then coupled to an equation for the large-scale mode.

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These amplitude equations show that for certain parameters all regular

periodic patterns are unstable. Beyond the stability boundary, there

exist stable stationary solutions in the form of spatially modulated

patterns or localised patterns. Many more exotic localised states are

found for patterns in two dimensions.

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Applications of the theory include convection in a magnetic field,

providing an understanding of localised states seen in numerical

simulations.

We formulate a problem of super-hedging under gamma constraint by

taking the portfolio process as a controlled state variable. This

leads to a non-standard stochastic control problem. An intuitive

guess of the associated Bellman equation leads to a non-parabolic

PDE! A careful analysis of this problem leads to the study of the

small time behaviour of double stochastic integrals. The main result

is a characterization of the value function of the super-replication

problem as the unique viscosity solution of the associated Bellman

equation, which turns out to be the parabolic envelope of the above

intuitive guess, i.e. its smallest parabolic majorant. When the

underlying stock price has constant volatility, we obtain an

explicit solution by face-lifting the pay-off of the option.

The lattice Boltzmann equation has been used successfully used to simulate

nearly incompressible flows using an isothermal equation of state, but

much less work has been done to determine stable implementations for other

equations of state. The commonly used nine velocity lattice Boltzmann

equation supports three non-hydrodynamic or "ghost'' modes in addition to

the macroscopic density, momentum, and stress modes. The equilibrium value

of one non-hydrodynamic mode is not constrained by the continuum equations

at Navier-Stokes order in the Chapman-Enskog expansion. Instead, we show

that it must be chosen to eliminate a high wavenumber instability. For

general barotropic equations of state the resulting stable equilibria do

not coincide with a truncated expansion in Hermite polynomials, and need

not be positive or even sign-definite as one would expect from arguments

based on entropy extremisation. An alternative approach tries to suppress

the instability by enhancing the damping the non-hydrodynamic modes using

a collision operator with multiple relaxation times instead of the common

single relaxation time BGK collision operator. However, the resulting

scheme fails to converge to the correct incompressible limit if the

non-hydrodynamic relaxation times are fixed in lattice units. Instead we

show that they must scale with the Mach number in the same way as the

stress relaxation time.