According to the Yau-Tian-Donaldson conjecture, the existence of a constant scalar curvature Kähler (cscK) metric in the cohomology class of an ample line bundle $L$ on a compact complex manifold $X$ should be equivalent to an algebro-geometric "stability condition" satisfied by the pair $(X,L)$. The cscK metrics are the critical points of Mabuchi's $K$-energy functional $M$, defined on the space of Kähler potentials, and an important result of Chen-Cheng shows that cscK metrics exist iff $M$ satisfies a standard growth condition (coercivity/properness). Recently the speaker has shown that the $K$-energy is indeed proper if and only if the polarized manifold is stable. The stability condition is closely related to the classical notion of Hilbert-Mumford stability. The speaker will give a non-technical account of the many areas of mathematics that are involved in the proof. In particular, he hopes to discuss the surprising role played by arithmetic geometry ​in the spirit of Arakelov, Faltings, and Bismut-Gillet-Soule.