I will review how the equations of general relativity near a spacetime singularity map onto an arithmetic hyperbolic billiard dynamics. The semiclassical quantum states for this dynamics are Maaβ cusp forms on fundamental domains of modular groups. For example, gravity in four spacetime dimensions leads to PSL(2,Z) while five dimensional gravity leads to PSL(2,Z[w]), with Z[w] the Eisenstein integers. The automorphic forms can be expressed, in a dilatation (Mellin transformed) basis as L-functions. The Euler product representation of these L-functions indicates that these quantum states admit a dual interpretation as a "primon gas" partition function. I will describe some physically motivated mathematical questions that arise from these observations.

In the first half of this talk, I will provide a brief introduction to Isomonodromic deformations with the one-point torus as my main example, and show the relation to the elliptic form of Painlevé VI equation as well as the Lamé equation. In the second half of this talk, I will present an overview of my results in the past few years concerning the associated tau-functions, conformal blocks, and accessory parameters. Finally, I will motivate how probabilistic methods in conformal field theory help us understand the data within Lamé type equations.

I will report on recent progress on influential conjectures from the 1970s and 1980s (Berry-Tabor, Bohigas-Giannoni-Schmit), which suggest that the spectral statistics of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on a given compact Riemannian manifold should be described either by a Poisson point process or by a random matrix ensemble, depending on whether the  geodesic flow is integrable or “chaotic”. This talk will straddle aspects of analysis, geometry, probability, number theory and ergodic theory, and should be accessible to a broad audience. The two most recent results presented in this lecture were obtained in collaboration with Laura Monk and with Wooyeon Kim and Matthew Welsh.