L2

In the year 1858, Herman Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz published in Crelle's Journal a deep and pioneering paper on vortex motions where the topological properties of vortex lines in a fluid motion were emphasised. This work has been a strong source of inspiration for P G Tait who settled down the foundation of knot theory and for H Poincare, the father of geometric theory of dynamical systems. As a matter of fact, by the end of the 19^th century, three topics, knots, flows and fluids were closely related. In the last decades, the topic has been boosted by a series of new appealing problems and interesting results gathered under the name Topological Methods in Hydrodynamics. Our talk will start with a short trip around the pioneering works. Then we will focus on two essential recent topics:

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The recent developments of Mathematical Physics have brought very new ideas about the nature of space . I will argue that we have to mix the methods of noncommutative geometry of Alain Connes with the prophetic views of Grothendieck about the so-called motives and their motivic Galois group .
The dream of a "cosmic Galois group" may soon become an established reality .