The discomfort experienced when a kidney stone passes through the ureter is often compared to the pain of childbirth. Severe pain can indicate that the stone is too large to naturally dislodge, and surgical intervention may be required. A ureteroscope is inserted into the ureter (passing first through the urethra and the bladder) in a procedure called ureteroscopy. Via a miniscule light and a camera on the scope tip, the patient’s ureter and kidney are viewed by a urologist.

Detection of the temporal variation of the Sun's cosmic ray shadow with
the IceCube detector
Collaboration, I Aartsen, M Ackermann, M Adams, J Aguilar, J Ahlers, M Ahrens, M Altmann, D Andeen, K Anderson, T Ansseau, I Anton, G Argüelles, C Auffenberg, J Axani, S Backes, P Bagherpour, H Bai, X Barbano, A Barron, J Barwick, S Baum, V Bay, R Beatty, J Tjus, J Becker, K BenZvi, S Berley, D Bernardini, E Besson, D Binder, G Bindig, D Blaufuss, E Blot, S Bohm, C Börner, M Bos, F Böser, S Botner, O Bourbeau, E Bourbeau, J Bradascio, F Braun, J Bretz, H Bron, S Brostean-Kaiser, J Burgman, A Busse, R Carver, T Chen, C Cheung, E Chirkin, D Clark, K Classen, L Collin, G Conrad, J Coppin, P Correa, P Cowen, D Cross, R Dave, P Day, M André, J Clercq, C DeLaunay, J Dembinski, H Deoskar, K Ridder, S Desiati, P Vries, K Wasseige, G With, M DeYoung, T Díaz-Vélez, J Dujmovic, H Dunkman, M Dvorak, E Eberhardt, B Ehrhardt, T Eichmann, B Eller, P Evenson, P Fahey, S Fazely, A Felde, J Filimonov, K Finley, C Franckowiak, A Friedman, E Fritz, A Gaisser, T Gallagher, J Ganster, E Garrappa, S Gerhardt, L Ghorbani, K Giang, W Glauch, T Glüsenkamp, T Goldschmidt, A Gonzalez, J Grant, D Griffith, Z Haack, C Hallgren, A Halve, L Halzen, F Hanson, K Hebecker, D Heereman, D Helbing, K Hellauer, R Hickford, S Hignight, J Hill, G Hoffman, K Hoffmann, R Hoinka, T Hokanson-Fasig, B Hoshina, K Huang, F Huber, M Hultqvist, K Hünnefeld, M Hussain, R In, S Iovine, N Ishihara, A Jacobi, E Japaridze, G Jeong, M Jero, K Jones, B Kalaczynski, P Kang, W Kappes, A Kappesser, D Karg, T Karle, A Katz, U Kauer, M Keivani, A Kelley, J Kheirandish, A Kim, J Kintscher, T Kiryluk, J Kittler, T Klein, S Koirala, R Kolanoski, H Köpke, L Kopper, C Kopper, S Koskinen, D Kowalski, M Krings, K Kroll, M Krückl, G Kunwar, S Kurahashi, N Kyriacou, A Labare, M Lanfranchi, J Larson, M Lauber, F Leonard, K Leuermann, M Liu, Q Lohfink, E Mariscal, C Lu, L Lünemann, J Luszczak, W Madsen, J Maggi, G Mahn, K Makino, Y Mancina, S Mariş, I Maruyama, R Mase, K Maunu, R Meagher, K Medici, M Meier, M Menne, T Merino, G Meures, T Miarecki, S Micallef, J Momenté, G Montaruli, T Moore, R Moulai, M Nagai, R Nahnhauer, R Nakarmi, P Naumann, U Neer, G Niederhausen, H Nowicki, S Nygren, D Pollmann, A Olivas, A O'Murchadha, A O'Sullivan, E Palczewski, T Pandya, H Pankova, D Peiffer, P Pepper, J Heros, C Pieloth, D Pinat, E Pizzuto, A Plum, M Price, P Przybylski, G Raab, C Rameez, M Rauch, L Rawlins, K Rea, I Reimann, R Relethford, B Renzi, G Resconi, E Rhode, W Richman, M Robertson, S Rongen, M Rott, C Ruhe, T Ryckbosch, D Rysewyk, D Safa, I Herrera, S Sandrock, A Sandroos, J Santander, M Sarkar, S Satalecka, K Schaufel, M Schlunder, P Schmidt, T Schneider, A Schneider, J Schöneberg, S Schumacher, L Sclafani, S Seckel, D Seunarine, S Soedingrekso, J Soldin, D Song, M Spiczak, G Spiering, C Stachurska, J Stamatikos, M Stanev, T Stasik, A Stein, R Stettner, J Steuer, A Stezelberger, T Stokstad, R Stößl, A Strotjohann, N Stuttard, T Sullivan, G Sutherland, M Taboada, I Tenholt, F Ter-Antonyan, S Terliuk, A Tilav, S Toale, P Tobin, M Tönnis, C Toscano, S Tosi, D Tselengidou, M Tung, C Turcati, A Turcotte, R Turley, C Ty, B Unger, E Elorrieta, M Usner, M Vandenbroucke, J Driessche, W Eijk, D Eijndhoven, N Vanheule, S Santen, J Vraeghe, M Walck, C Wallace, A Wallraff, M Wandler, F Wandkowsky, N Watson, T Weaver, C Weiss, M Wendt, C Werthebach, J Westerhoff, S Whelan, B Whitehorn, N Wiebe, K Wiebusch, C Wille, L Williams, D Wills, L Wolf, M Wood, J Wood, T Woolsey, E Woschnagg, K Wrede, G Xu, D Xu, X Xu, Y Yanez, J Yodh, G Yoshida, S Yuan, T Astrophysical Journal http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.02015v1
Search for steady point-like sources in the astrophysical muon neutrino
flux with 8 years of IceCube data
Collaboration, I Aartsen, M Ackermann, M Adams, J Aguilar, J Ahlers, M Ahrens, M Altmann, D Andeen, K Anderson, T Ansseau, I Anton, G Argüelles, C Auffenberg, J Axani, S Backes, P Bagherpour, H Bai, X Barbano, A Barron, J Barwick, S Baum, V Bay, R Beatty, J Tjus, J Becker, K BenZvi, S Berley, D Bernardini, E Besson, D Binder, G Bindig, D Blaufuss, E Blot, S Bohm, C Börner, M Bos, F Böser, S Botner, O Bourbeau, E Bourbeau, J Bradascio, F Braun, J Bretz, H Bron, S Brostean-Kaiser, J Burgman, A Busse, R Carver, T Chen, C Cheung, E Chirkin, D Clark, K Classen, L Collin, G Conrad, J Coppin, P Correa, P Cowen, D Cross, R Dave, P Day, M André, J Clercq, C DeLaunay, J Dembinski, H Deoskar, K Ridder, S Desiati, P Vries, K Wasseige, G With, M DeYoung, T Díaz-Vélez, J Dujmovic, H Dunkman, M Dvorak, E Eberhardt, B Ehrhardt, T Eichmann, B Eller, P Evenson, P Fahey, S Fazely, A Felde, J Filimonov, K Finley, C Franckowiak, A Friedman, E Fritz, A Gaisser, T Gallagher, J Ganster, E Garrappa, S Gerhardt, L Ghorbani, K Giang, W Glauch, T Glüsenkamp, T Goldschmidt, A Gonzalez, J Grant, D Griffith, Z Haack, C Hallgren, A Halve, L Halzen, F Hanson, K Hebecker, D Heereman, D Helbing, K Hellauer, R Hickford, S Hignight, J Hill, G Hoffman, K Hoffmann, R Hoinka, T Hokanson-Fasig, B Hoshina, K Huang, F Huber, M Hultqvist, K Hünnefeld, M Hussain, R In, S Iovine, N Ishihara, A Jacobi, E Japaridze, G Jeong, M Jero, K Jones, B Kalaczynski, P Kang, W Kappes, A Kappesser, D Karg, T Karle, A Katz, U Kauer, M Keivani, A Kelley, J Kheirandish, A Kim, J Kintscher, T Kiryluk, J Kittler, T Klein, S Koirala, R Kolanoski, H Köpke, L Kopper, C Kopper, S Koskinen, D Kowalski, M Krings, K Kroll, M Krückl, G Kunwar, S Kurahashi, N Kyriacou, A Labare, M Lanfranchi, J Larson, M Lauber, F Leonard, K Leuermann, M Liu, Q Lohfink, E Mariscal, C Lu, L Lünemann, J Luszczak, W Madsen, J Maggi, G Mahn, K Makino, Y Mancina, S Mariş, I Maruyama, R Mase, K Maunu, R Meagher, K Medici, M Meier, M Menne, T Merino, G Meures, T Miarecki, S Micallef, J Momenté, G Montaruli, T Moore, R Moulai, M Nagai, R Nahnhauer, R Nakarmi, P Naumann, U Neer, G Niederhausen, H Nowicki, S Nygren, D Pollmann, A Olivas, A O'Murchadha, A O'Sullivan, E Palczewski, T Pandya, H Pankova, D Peiffer, P Heros, C Pieloth, D Pinat, E Pizzuto, A Plum, M Price, P Przybylski, G Raab, C Raissi, A Rameez, M Rauch, L Rawlins, K Rea, I Reimann, R Relethford, B Renzi, G Resconi, E Rhode, W Richman, M Robertson, S Rongen, M Rott, C Ruhe, T Ryckbosch, D Rysewyk, D Safa, I Herrera, S Sandrock, A Sandroos, J Santander, M Sarkar, S Satalecka, K Schaufel, M Schlunder, P Schmidt, T Schneider, A Schneider, J Schöneberg, S Schumacher, L Sclafani, S Seckel, D Seunarine, S Soedingrekso, J Soldin, D Song, M Spiczak, G Spiering, C Stachurska, J Stamatikos, M Stanev, T Stasik, A Stein, R Stettner, J Steuer, A Stezelberger, T Stokstad, R Stößl, A Strotjohann, N Stuttard, T Sullivan, G Sutherland, M Taboada, I Tenholt, F Ter-Antonyan, S Terliuk, A Tilav, S Tobin, M Tönnis, C Toscano, S Tosi, D Tselengidou, M Tung, C Turcati, A Turcotte, R Turley, C Ty, B Unger, E Elorrieta, M Usner, M Vandenbroucke, J Driessche, W Eijk, D Eijndhoven, N Vanheule, S Santen, J Vraeghe, M Walck, C Wallace, A Wallraff, M Wandler, F Wandkowsky, N Watson, T Weaver, C Weiss, M Wendt, C Werthebach, J Westerhoff, S Whelan, B Whitehorn, N Wiebe, K Wiebusch, C Wille, L Williams, D Wills, L Wolf, M Wood, J Wood, T Woolsey, E Woschnagg, K Wrede, G Xu, D Xu, X Xu, Y Yanez, J Yodh, G Yoshida, S Yuan, T European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.07979v1

The Sun has been emitting light and illuminating the Earth for more than four billion years. By analyzing the properties of solar light we can infer a wealth of information about what happens on the Sun. A particularly fascinating (and often overlooked) property of light is its polarization state, which characterizes the orientation of the oscillation in a transverse wave. By measuring light polarization, we can gather precious information about the physical conditions of the solar atmosphere and the magnetic fields present therein.

Search for Multimessenger Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-energy Neutrinos with Advanced LIGO during Its First Observing Run, ANTARES, and IceCube
Albert, A Andre, M Anghinolfi, M Ardid, M Aubert, J Aublin, J Avgitas, T Baret, B Barrios-Marti, J Basa, S Belhorma, B Bertin, V Biagi, S Bormuth, R Boumaaza, J Bourret, S Bouwhuis, M Branzas, H Bruijn, R Brunner, J Busto, J Capone, A Caramete, L Carr, J Celli, S Chabab, M El Moursli, R Chiarusi, T Circella, M Coelho, J Coleiro, A Colomer, M Coniglione, R Costantini, H Coyle, P Creusot, A Diaz, A Deschamps, A Distefano, C Di Palma, I Domi, A Dona, R Donzaud, C Dornic, D Drouhin, D Eberl, T El Bojaddaini, I El Khayati, N Elsaesser, D Enzenhoefer, A Ettahiri, A Fassi, F Felis, I Fermani, P Ferrara, G Fusco, L Gay, P Glotin, H Gregoire, T Ruiz, R Graf, K Hallmann, S van Haren, H Heijboer, A Hello, Y Hernandez-Rey, J Hoessl, J Hofestaedt, J Illuminati, G de Jong, M Jongen, M Kadler, M Kalekin, O Katz, U Khan-Chowdhury, N Kouchner, A Kreter, M Kreykenbohm, I Kulikovskiy, V Lachaud, C Lahmann, R Lefevre, D Leonora, E Levi, G Lotze, M Loucatos, S Maggi, G Marcelin, M Margiotta, A Marinelli, A 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Conrad, J Coppin, P Correa, P Cowen, D Cross, R Dave, P Day, M de Andre, J De Clercq, C DeLaunay, J Dembinski, H Deoskar, K De Ridder, S Desiati, P de Vries, K de Wasseige, G de With, M DeYoung, T Diaz-Velez, J di Lorenzo, V Dujmovic, H Dumm, J Dunkman, M Dvorak, E Eberhardt, B Ehrhardt, T Eichmann, B Eller, P Evenson, P Fahey, S Fazely, A Felde, J Filimonov, K Finley, C Franckowiak, A Friedman, E Fritz, A Gaisser, T Gallagher, J Ganster, E Garrappa, S Gerhardt, L Ghorbani, K Giang, W Glauch, T Gluesenkamp, T Goldschmidt, A Gonzalez, J Grant, D Griffith, Z Haack, C Hallgren, A Halve, L Halzen, F Hanson, K Hebecker, D Heereman, D Helbing, K Hellauer, R Hickford, S Hignight, J Hill, G Hoffman, K Hoffmann, R Hoinka, T Hokanson-Fasig, B Hoshina, K Huang, F Huber, M Hultqvist, K Huennefeld, M Hussain, R In, S Iovine, N Ishihara, A Jacobi, E Japaridze, G Jeong, M Jero, K Jones, B Kalaczynski, P Kang, W Kappes, A Kappesser, D Karg, T Karle, A Kauer, M Keivani, A Kelley, J Kheirandish, A Kim, J Kintscher, T Kiryluk, J Kittler, T Klein, S Koirala, R Kolanoski, H Koepke, L Kopper, C Kopper, S Koschinsky, J Koskinen, D Kowalski, M Krings, K Kroll, M Krueckl, G Kunwar, S Kurahashi, N Kyriacou, A Labare, M Lanfranchi, J Larson, M Lauber, F Leonard, K Leuermann, M Liu, Q Lohfink, E Mariscal, C Lu, L Lunemann, J Luszczak, W Madsen, J Mahn, K Makino, Y Mancina, S Maris, I Maruyama, R Mase, K Maunu, R Meagher, K Medici, M Meier, M Menne, T Merino, G Meures, T Miarecki, S Micallef, J Momente, G Montaruli, T Moore, R Moulai, M Nagai, R Nahnhauer, R Nakarmi, P Naumann, U Neer, G Niederhausen, H Nowicki, S Nygren, D Pollmann, A Olivas, A O'Murchadha, A O'Sullivan, E Palczewski, T Pandya, H Pankova, D Peiffer, P Pepper, J de los Heros, C Pieloth, D Pinat, E Pizzuto, A Plum, M Price, P Przybylski, G Raab, C Rameez, M Rauch, L Rawlins, K Rea, I Reimann, R Relethford, B Renzi, G Resconi, E Rhode, W Richman, M Robertson, S Rongen, M Rott, C Ruhe, T Ryckbosch, D Rysewyk, D Safa, I Herrera, S 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C Chia, H Chincarini, A Chiummo, A Cho, G Cho, H Cho, M Christensen, N Chu, Q Chua, S Chung, K Chung, S Ciani, G Ciobanu, A Ciolfi, R Cipriano, F Cirone, A Clara, F Clark, J Clearwater, P Cleva, F Cocchieri, C Coccia, E Cohadon, P Cohen, D Colgan, R Colleoni, M Collette, C Collins, C Cominsky, L Constancio Jr, M Conti, L Cooper, S Corban, P Corbitt, T Cordero-Carrion, I Corley, K Cornish, N Corsi, A Cortese, S Costa, C Cotesta, R Coughlin, M Coughlin, S Coulon, J Countryman, S Couvares, P Covas, P Cowan, E Coward, D Cowart, M Coyne, D Coyne, R Creighton, J Creighton, T Cripe, J Croquette, M Crowder, S Cullen, T Cumming, A Cunningham, L Cuoco, E Dal Canton, T Dalya, G Danilishin, S D'Antonio, S Danzmann, K Dasgupta, A Datrier, L Dattilo, V Dave, I Davier, M Davis, D Daw, E DeBra, D Deenadayalan, M Degallaix, J De Laurentis, M Deleglise, S Del Pozzo, W DeMarchi, L Demos, N Dent, T Denys, M De Pietri, R Derby, J De Rosa, R De Rossi, C DeSalvo, R de Varona, O Dhurandhar, S Diaz, M 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Gayathri, V Gemme, G Genin, E Gennai, A George, D George, J Gergely, L Germain, V Ghonge, S Ghosh, A Ghosh, S Giacomazzo, B Giaime, J Giardina, K Giazotto, A Gill, K Giordano, G Glover, L Godwin, P Goetz, E Goetz, R Goncharov, B Gonzalez, G Castro, J Gopakumar, A Gorodetsky, M Gossan, S Gosselin, M Gouaty, R Grado, A Graef, C Granata, M Grant, A Gras, S Grassia, P Gray, C Gray, R Greco, G Green, A Green, R Gretarsson, E Groot, P Grote, H Grunewald, S Gruning, P Guidi, G Gulati, H Guo, Y Gupta, A Gupta, M Gustafson, E Gustafson, R Haegel, L Halim, O Hall, B Hall, E Hamilton, E Hammond, G Haney, M Hanke, M Hanks, J Hanna, C Hannuksela, O Hanson, J Hardwick, T Haris, K Harms, J Harry, G Harry, I Haster, C Haughian, K Hayes, F Healy, J Heidmann, A Heintze, M Heitmann, H Hello, P Hemming, G Hendry, M Heng, I Hennig, J Heptonstall, A Hernandez, F Heurs, M Hild, S Hinderer, T Hoak, D Hochheim, S Hofman, D Holgado, A Holland, N Holt, K Holz, D Hopkins, P Horst, C Hough, J Howell, E Hoy, C Hreibi, A Huerta, E Huet, D Hughey, B Hulko, M Husa, S Huttner, S Huynh-Dinh, T Idzkowski, B Iess, A Ingram, C Inta, R Intini, G Irwin, B Isa, H Isac, J Isi, M Iyer, B Izumi, K Jacqmin, T Jadhav, S Jani, K Janthalur, N Jaranowski, P Jenkins, A Jiang, J Johnson, D Jones, A Jones, D Jones, R Jonker, R Ju, L Junker, J Kalaghatgi, C Kalogera, V Kamai, B Kandhasamy, S Kang, G Kanner, J Kapadia, S Karki, S Karvinen, K Kashyap, R Kasprzack, M Katsanevas, S Katsavounidis, E Katzman, W Kaufer, S Kawabe, K Keerthana, N Kefelian, F Keitel, D Kennedy, R Key, J Khalili, F Khan, H Khan, I Khan, S Khan, Z Khazanov, E Khursheed, M Kijbunchoo, N Kim, C Kim, K Kim, W Kim, Y Kimball, C King, E King, P Kinley-Hanlon, M Kirchhoff, R Kissel, J Kleybolte, L Klika, J Klimenko, S Knowles, T Koch, P Koehlenbeck, S Koekoek, G Koley, S Kondrashov, V Kontos, A Koper, N Korobko, M Korth, W Kowalska, I Kozak, D Kringel, V Krishnendu, N Krolak, A Kuehn, G Kumar, A Kumar, P Kumar, R Kumar, S Kuo, L Kutynia, A Kwang, S 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The problem of optimisation – that is, finding the maximum or minimum of an ‘objective’ function – is one of the most important problems in computational mathematics. Optimisation problems are ubiquitous: traders might optimise their portfolio to maximise (expected) revenue, engineers may optimise the design of a product to maximise efficiency, data scientists minimise the prediction error of machine learning models, and scientists may want to estimate parameters using experimental data.

Diophantine approximation is about how well real numbers can be approximated by rationals. Say I give you a real number $\alpha$, and I ask you to approximate it by a rational number $a/q$, where $q$ is not too large. A naive strategy would be to first choose $q$ arbitrarily, and to then choose the nearest integer $a$ to $q \alpha$. This would give $| \alpha - a/q| \le 1/(2q)$, and $\pi \approx 3.14$.

If you type fundamental anagram of calculus into Google you will be led eventually to the string of symbols 6accdæ13eff7i3l9n4o4qrr4s8t12ux, probably accompanied by an explanation more or less as follows: this is a recipe for an anagram - take six copies of a, two of c, one of d, one of æ and so on, then rearrange these letters into a chunk of Latin.

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