Past Quantum Field Theory Seminar

In this talk I will give a gentle introduction to some aspects of the theory of hypergeometric functions as a natural language for addressing various integrals appearing in quantum field theory (QFT). In particular I will focus on the so-called intersection pairings as well as the differential equations satisfied by the integrals, and I will show how these aspects of the mathematical theory can find a natural interpretation in concrete QFT applications. I will mostly focus on Feynman integrals as paradigmatic example, where the language will shed new light on our most powerful method for computing Feynman integrals as well as their non-local symmetries. I will then give an outlook how these methods could allow us to also learn about integrals appearing in other places in field and string theory, such as Coulomb branch amplitudes, celestial holography and AdS (supergravity and string) amplitudes.

The self-energies in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) are not only fundamental physical quantities but also well-suited for investigating the mathematical structure of perturbative Quantum Field Theory. In this talk, I will discuss the QED self-energies up to the fourth order in the loop expansion. Going beyond one loop, where the integrals can be expressed in terms of multiple polylogarithms, we encounter functions associated with an elliptic curve, a K3 surface and a Calabi-Yau threefold. I will review the method of differential equations and apply it to the scalar Feynman integrals appearing in the self-energies. Special emphasis will be placed on the concept of canonical bases and on how to generalize them beyond the polylogarithmic case, where they are well understood. Furthermore, I will demonstrate how canonical integrals may be identified through a suitable integrand analysis.

The notion of a superconformal structure on a supermanifold goes back some forty years. I will discuss some recent work that shows how these structures and their deformations govern supersymmetric and superconformal field theories in geometric fashion. A superconformal structure equips a supermanifold with a sheaf of dg commutative algebras; the tangent sheaf of this dg ringed space reproduces the Weyl multiplet of conformal supergravity (equivalently, the superconformal stress tensor multiplet), in any dimension and with any amount of supersymmetry. This construction is uniform under twists, and thus provides a classification of relations between superconformal theories, chiral algebras, higher Virasoro algebras, and more exotic examples.
 

I will explain about how tubings of rooted trees can solve Dyson-Schwinger equations, and then summarize the two newer results in this direction, how to incorporate distinct insertion places and how when the Mellin transform is a reciprocal of a polynomial with rational roots, then one can use combinatorial techniques to obtain a system of differential equations that is perfectly suited to resurgent analysis.

Based on arXiv:2408.15883 (with Michael Borinsky and Gerald Dunne) and arXiv:2501.12350 (with Nick Olson-Harris).

At the heart of both cross-section calculations at the Large Hadron Collider and gravitational wave physics lie the evaluation of Feynman integrals. These integrals are meromorphic functions (or distributions) of the parameters on which they depend and understanding their analytic structure has been an ongoing quest for over 60 years. In this talk, I will demonstrate how these integrals fits within the framework of generalized hypergeometry by Gelfand, Kapranov, and Zelevinsky (GKZ). In this framework the singularities are simply calculated by the principal A-determinant and I will show that some Feynman integrals can be used to generate Cohen-Macaulay rings which greatly simplify their analysis. However, not every integral fits within the GKZ framework and I will show how the singularities of every Feynman integral can be calculated using Whitney stratifications.

In recent work, Aganagic proposed a categorification of quantum link invariants based on a category of A-branes. The theory is a generalization of Heegaard–Floer theory from gl(1|1) to arbitrary Lie algebras. It turns out that this theory is solvable explicitly and can be used to compute homological link invariants associated to any minuscule representation of a simple Lie algebra. This invariant coincides with Khovanov–Rozansky homology for type A and gives a new invariant for other types. In this talk, I will introduce the relevant category of A-branes, explain the explicit algorithm used to compute the link invariants, and give a sketch of the proof of invariance. This talk is based on 2305.13480 with Mina Aganagic and Miroslav Rapcak and work in progress with Mina Aganagic and Ivan Danilenko.

Global symmetries greatly enrich the phase diagram of quantum many-body systems. As well as symmetry-breaking phases, symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases have symmetric ground states that cannot be connected to a trivial state without a phase transition. There can also be symmetry-enriched critical points between these phases of matter. I will demonstrate these phenomena in phase diagrams constructed using the N-state chiral clock family of spin chains.  [Based on joint work with Paul Fendley and Abhishodh Prakash.]

The chiralization in the title denotes a certain procedure which turns cluster X-varieties into q-W algebras. Many important notions from cluster and q-W worlds, such as mutations, global functions, screening operators, R-matrices, etc emerge naturally in this context. In particular, we discover new bosonizations of q-W algebras and establish connections between previously known bosonizations. If time permits, I will discuss potential applications of our approach to the study of 3d topological theories and local systems with affine gauge groups. This talk is based on a joint project with J. Shiraishi, J.E. Bourgine, B. Feigin, A. Shapiro, and G. Schrader.

We study supersymmetric Berry connections of 2d N = (2,2) gauged linear sigma models (GLSMs) quantized on a circle, which are periodic monopoles, with the aim to provide a fruitful physical arena for recent mathematical constructions related to the latter. These are difference modules encoding monopole solutions via a Hitchin-Kobayashi correspondence established by Mochizuki. We demonstrate how the difference modules arises naturally by studying the ground states as the cohomology of a one-parameter family of supercharges. In particular, we show how they are related to one kind of monopole spectral data, a deformation of the Cherkis–Kapustin spectral curve, and relate them to the physics of the GLSM. By considering states generated by D-branes and leveraging the difference modules, we derive novel difference equations for brane amplitudes. We then show that in the conformal limit, these degenerate into novel difference equations for hemisphere partition functions, which are exactly calculable. When the GLSM flows to a nonlinear sigma model with Kähler target X, we show that the difference modules are related to deformations of the equivariant quantum cohomology of X.

I will discuss logarithmic corrections to various CFT partition functions in the context of the AdS4/CFT3 correspondence for theories arising on the worldvolume of M2-branes. I will use four-dimensional gauged supergravity and heat kernel methods and present general expressions for the logarithmic corrections to the gravitational on-shell action or black hole entropy for a number of different supergravity backgrounds. I will outline several subtleties and puzzles in these calculations and contrast them with a similar analysis of logarithmic corrections performed directly in the eleven-dimensional uplift of a given four-dimensional supergravity background. This analysis suggests that four-dimensional supergravity consistent truncations are not the proper setting for studying logarithmic corrections in AdS/CFT. These results have important implications for the existence of scale-separated AdS vacua in string theory and for effective field theory in AdS more generally.

In this talk I will review how the BV formalism is used in quantizing theories with local gauge symmetries within the framework of perturbative algebraic quantum field theory. The latter is a mathematically rigorous approach to QFT that combines the locality idea going back to Haag and Kastler with Epstein-Glaser renormalization. In my talk I will also show how these methods can also lead to the construction of a factorization algebra.

The ε expansion was invented more than 50 years ago and has been used extensively ever since to study aspects of renormalization group flows and critical phenomena. Its most famous applications are found in theories involving scalar fields in 4−ε dimensions. In this talk, we will discuss the structure of the ε expansion and the fixed points that can be obtained within it. We will mostly focus on scalar theories, but we will also discuss theories with fermions as well as line defects. Our motivation is based on the goal of classifying conformal field theories in d=3 dimensions. We will describe recently discovered universal constraints obtained within the framework of the ε expansion and show that a “heavy handed" quest for fixed points yields a plethora of new ones. These fixed points reveal aspects of the structure of the ε expansion and suggest that a classification of conformal field theories in d=3 is likely to be highly non-trivial.

General Relativity and Quantum Theory are the two main achievements of physics in the 20th century. Even though they have greatly enlarged the physical understanding of our universe, there are still situations which are completely inaccessible to us, most notably the Big Bang and the inside of black holes: These circumstances require a theory of Quantum Gravity — the unification of General Relativity with Quantum Theory. The most natural approach for that would be the application of the astonishingly successful methods of perturbative Quantum Field Theory to the graviton field, defined as the deviation of the metric with respect to a fixed background metric. Unfortunately, this approach seemed impossible due to the non-renormalizable nature of General Relativity. In this talk, I aim to give a pedagogical introduction to this topic, in particular to the Lagrange density, the Feynman graph expansion and the renormalization problem of their associated Feynman integrals. Finally, I will explain how this renormalization problem could be overcome by an infinite tower of gravitational Ward identities, as was established in my dissertation and the articles it is based upon, cf. arXiv:2210.17510 [hep-th].

The usual approach to study 2d CFT relies on the Virasoro algebra and its representation theory. Moving away from the criticality, this infinite dimensional symmetry is lost so it is useful to have a look at 2d CFTs from the point of view of more general framework of quantum integrability. Every 2d conformal field theory has a natural infinite dimensional family of commuting higher spin conserved quantities that can be constructed out of Virasoro generators. Perhaps surprisingly two different sets of Bethe ansatz equations are known that diagonalise these. The first one is of Gaudin/Calogero type and was discovered by Bazhanov–Lukyanov–Zamolodchikov in the context of ODE/IM correspondence. The second set is a very natural generalisation of the Bethe ansatz for the Heisenberg XXX spin chain and was found more recently by Litvinov. I will discuss these constructions as well as their relation to W-algebras and the affine Yangian.

Recent years have seen many new ideas appearing in the solution theories of singular stochastic partial differential equations. An exciting application of SPDEs that is beginning to emerge is to the construction and analysis of quantum field theories. In this talk, I will describe how stochastic quantisation of Parisi–Wu can be used to study QFTs, especially those arising from gauge theories, the rigorous construction of which, even in low dimensions, is largely open.

I will discuss a formulation of an Abelian Chern-Simons theory on the lattice employing the modified Villain formalism. The theory suffers from a well-known problem of having extra zero modes in the Gaussian operator. I will argue that these zero modes are associated with a kind of subsystem symmetry which projects out almost all naive Wilson loops. The operators which survive are framed Wilson loops. These turn out to be topological charges of the associated one-form symmetry, and it has the correct topological spin and correlation functions.

Supersymmetric localization allows one to reduce the computation of the partition function of a supersymmetric theory to a finite-dimensional integral, but the space over which one integrates is often singular. In this talk I will explain how one can use shifted symplectic geometry to get rigorous definitions of partition functions and state spaces in theories with extended supersymmetry. For instance, this gives a field-theoretic origin of DT invariants of CY4 manifolds. This is a report on joint work with Brian Williams.

6d N=(2,0) superconformal field theories have natural surface operators similar in many ways to Wilson lines in gauge theories. In this talk, I will discuss how they can be studied using conformal bootstrap techniques, including connection to W-algebras and the so-called inversion formula, focusing on the limit of large central charge.

I will report on a research program which uses ideas from stochastic analysis in the context of constructive Euclidean quantum field theory. Stochastic analysis is the study of measures on path spaces via push-forward from Gaussian measures. The foundational example is the map, introduced by Itô, which sends Brownian motion to a diffusion process solution to a stochastic differential equation. Parisi–Wu's stochastic quantisation is the stochastic analysis of an Euclidean quantum field, in the above sense. In this introductory talk, I will put these ideas in context and illustrate various stochastic quantisation procedures and some of the rigorous results one can obtain from them.

Standard twistor theory involves a complex projective
3-space PT which naturally divides into two halves PT+
and PT–, joined by their common 5-real-dimensional
boundary PN. However, this splitting has two quite
different basic physical interpretations, namely
positive/negative helicity and positive/negative
frequency, which ought not to be confused in the
formalism, and the notion of “bi-twistors” is introduced
to resolve this issue. It is found that quantized bi-
twistors have a previously unnoticed G2* structure,
which enables the split-octonion algebra to be directly
formulated in terms of quantized bi-twistors, once the
appropriate complex structure is incorporated.

Starting from the principle of locality in quantum field theory, which
states that an object is influenced directly only by its immediate

surroundings, I will first briefly review some features of the notion of
locality arising in physics and mathematics. These are then encoded
in  locality relations, given by symmetric binary relations whose graph
consists of pairs of "mutually independent elements".

I will mention challenging questions that arise from  enhancing algebraic
structures to their locality counterparts, such as i) when  is the quotient
of a locality vector space by a linear subspace, a locality vector space, if
equipped with the quotient locality relation,  ii) when does  the locality
tensor product of two locality vector spaces  define a locality vector
space. These are discussed in recent joint work  with Pierre Clavier, Loïc
Foissy and Diego López.

Locality morphisms, namely maps that factorise on   products of  pairs of
"mutually independent" elements, play a key role in the context of
renormalisation in
multiple variables. They include "locality evaluators", which we use to

consistently evaluate meromorphic germs in several variables at
their poles. I will  also report on recent joint work with Li Guo and Bin
Zhang. which gives a classification of locality evaluators on certain
classes of algebras of meromorphic germs.

In this talk, I review some recent results obtained for black holes using
effective field theory methods applied to quantum gravity, in particular the
unique effective action. Black holes are complex thermodynamical objects
that not only have a temperature but also have a pressure. Furthermore, they
have quantum hair which provides a solution to the black hole information
paradox.

In this talk I will review some of the key ideas behind
the study of entanglement measures in 1+1D quantum field theories employing
the so-called branch point twist field approach. This method is based on the
existence of a one-to-one correspondence between different entanglement
measures and different multi-point functions of a particular type of
symmetry field. It is then possible to employ standard methods for the
evaluation of correlation functions to understand properties of entanglement
in bipartite systems. Time permitting, I will then present a recent
application of this approach to the study of a new entanglement measure: the
symmetry resolved entanglement entropy.

In the search for a complete description of quantum mechanical and
gravitational phenomena, we are inevitably led to consider observables on
boundaries at infinity. This is the common mantra that there are no local
observables in quantum gravity and gives rise to the tantalising possibility
of a purely boundary--or holographic--description of physics in the
interior. The AdS/CFT correspondence provides an important working example
of these ideas, where the boundary description of quantum gravity in anti-de
Sitter (AdS) space is an ordinary quantum mechanical system-- in particular,
a Lorentzian Conformal Field Theory (CFT)--where the rules of the game are
well understood. It would be desirable to have a similar level of
understanding for the universe we actually live in. In this talk I will
explain some recent efforts that aim to understand the rules of the game for
observables on the future boundary of de Sitter (dS) space. Unlike in AdS,
the boundaries of dS space are purely spatial with no standard notion of
locality and time. This obscures how the boundary observables capture a
consistent picture of unitary time evolution in the interior of dS space. I

will explain how, despite this difference, the structural similarities
between dS and AdS spaces allow to forge relations between boundary
correlators in these two space-times. These can be used to import
techniques, results and understanding from AdS to dS.

Can the S-matrix be complexified in a way consistent with causality? Since the 1960's, the affirmative answer to this question has been well-understood for 2→2 scattering of the lightest particle in theories with a mass gap at low momentum transfer, where the S-matrix is analytic everywhere except at normal-threshold branch cuts. We ask whether an analogous picture extends to realistic theories, such as the Standard Model, that include massless fields, UV/IR divergences, and unstable particles. Especially in the presence of light states running in the loops, the traditional iε prescription for approaching physical regions might break down, because causality requirements for the individual Feynman diagrams can be mutually incompatible. We demonstrate that such analyticity problems are not in contradiction with unitarity. Instead, they should be thought of as finite-width effects that disappear in the idealized 2→2 scattering amplitudes with no unstable particles, but might persist at higher multiplicity. To fix these issues, we propose an iε-like prescription for deforming branch cuts in the space of Mandelstam invariants without modifying the analytic properties. This procedure results in a complex strip around the real part of the kinematic space, where the S-matrix remains causal. To help with the investigation of related questions, we introduce holomorphic cutting rules, new approaches to dispersion relations, as well as formulae for local behavior of Feynman integrals near branch points, all of which are illustrated on explicit examples.

A topological insulator has anomalous boundary spectrum which completely fills up gaps in the bulk spectrum. This ``topologically protected’’ spectral property is a physical manifestation of coarse geometry and index theory ideas. Special examples involve spectral flow and gerbes, related to Hamiltonian anomalies, and they arise experimentally in quantum Hall systems, time-reversal invariant mod-2 insulators, and shallow-water waves.

I’ll review a new, simpler explanation for the large-scale properties of the
cosmos, presented with L. Boyle in our recent preprint arXiv:2201.07279. The
basic ingredients are elementary and well-known, namely Einstein’s theory of
gravity and Hawking’s method of computing gravitational entropy. The new
twist is provided by the boundary conditions we proposed for big bang-type
singularities, allowing conformal zeros but imposing CPT symmetry and

analyticity at the bang. These boundary conditions, which have significant
overlap with Penrose’s Weyl curvature hypothesis, allow gravitational
instantons for universes with Lambda, massless radiation and space
curvature, of either sign, from which we are able to infer a gravitational
entropy. We find the gravitational entropy can exceed the de Sitter entropy
and that, to the extent that it does, the most probable large-scale geometry
for the universe is flat, homogeneous and isotropic. I will briefly
summarise our earlier work showing how the gauge-fermion Lagrangian of the
standard model may be reconciled with Weyl symmetry and a small cosmological
constant, at leading order, provided there are precisely three generations
of fermions. The same mechanism generates scale-invariant primordial
perturbations. The cosmic dark matter consists of a right-handed neutrino.
In summary, we have taken significant steps towards a new, highly principled
and testable theory of cosmology.

Symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases have recently attracted a lot of
attention from physicists and mathematicians as a topological classification
scheme for gapped ground states. In this talk I will briefly introduce the
operator algebraic approach to SPT phases in the infinite-volume limit. In
particular, I will focus on the quasifree (free-fermionic) setting, where we

can adapt tools from algebraic quantum field theory to describe phases of
gapped ground states using K-homology and the coarse index.

I shall present joint work with Maxim Kontsevich describing an interesting
domain of complex metrics on a smooth manifold. It is a complexification of
the space of ordinary Riemannian metrics, and has the Lorentzian metrics
(but not metrics of other signatures) on its boundary. Use of the domain
leads to a modified axiom system for QFT which illuminates not only the
special role of Lorentz signature, but also of features such as local
commutativity, unitarity, and global hyperbolicity.

In his very first note on noncommutative differential geometry, Connes
showed that the position and momentum operators on the line could be used to
construct constant curvature connections over an irrational noncommutative

2-torus $\mathcal{A}_\theta$. When $\theta$ is a quadratic irrationality,
this yields, in particular, constant curvature connections on non-trivial
noncommutative line bundles---is there an underlying monopole on some
non-trivial noncommutative principal $U(1)$-bundle? We use this case study
to illustrate how approaches to quantum principal bundles introduced by
Brzeziński–Majid and Đurđević, respectively, can be fruitfully synthesized
to reframe classical gauge theory on quantum principal bundles in terms of
synthesis of total spaces (as noncommutative manifolds) from vertical and
horizontal geometric data.

I will introduce asymptotic safety, which is a quantum field theoretic
paradigm providing a predictive ultraviolet completion for quantum field
theories. I will show examples of asymptotically safe theories and then
discuss the search for asymptotically safe models that include quantum
gravity.
In particular, I will explain how asymptotic safety corresponds to a new
symmetry principle - quantum scale symmetry - that has a high predictive
power. In the examples I will discuss, asymptotic safety with gravity could
enable a first-principles calculation of Yukawa couplings, e.g., in the
quark sector of the Standard Model, as well as in dark matter models.

The non-compact exceptional simple group G_2* turns out to be the symmetry group of quantized twistor theory. Certain implications of this remarkable fact will be explored in this talk.

This is a joint GR-QFT seminar, to celebrate in advance the 90th birthday of Roger Penrose later in the summer, comprising 9 talks on conformal cyclic cosmology.  The provisional schedule is as follows:

11:00 Roger Penrose (Oxford, UK) : The Initial Driving Forces Behind CCC

11:10 Paul Tod (Oxford, UK) : Questions for CCC

11:20 Vahe Gurzadyan (Yerevan, Armenia): CCC predictions and CMB

11:30 Krzysztof Meissner (Warsaw, Poland): Perfect fluids in CCC

11:40 Daniel An (SUNY, USA) : Finding information in the Cosmic Microwave Background data

11:50 Jörg Frauendiener (Otago, New Zealand) : Impulsive waves in de Sitter space and their impact on the present aeon

12:00 Pawel Nurowski (Warsaw, Poland and Guangdong Technion, China): Poincare-Einstein expansion and CCC

12:10 Luis Campusano (FCFM, Chile) : (Very) Large Quasar Groups

12:20 Roger Penrose (Oxford, UK) : What has CCC achieved; where can it go from here?

Dark matter is known to exist, but no-one knows what it is or where it came
from.  We describe a new production mechanism of particle dark matter, which
hinges on a first-order cosmological phase transition.  We then show that
this mechanism can be slightly modified to produce primordial black holes.

While solar mass and supermassive black holes are now known to exist,
primordial black holes have not yet been seen but could solve a number of
problems in cosmology.  Finally, we demonstrate that if an evaporating
primordial black hole is observed, it will provide a unique window onto
Beyond the Standard Model physics.

I will be first introducing the Polyakov loop space formalism to
gauge theories. I will also discuss how the Polyakov loop space is modified
by Planck scale corrections.  The gauge theory will be deformed by the
Planck length as the minimum measurable length in the background spacetime.
This deformation will in turn deform the Polyakov loops space. It will be
observed that this deformation can have important consequences for
non-abelian monopoles in gauge theories.

The conformal bootstrap program for CFTs in d>2 dimensions is
based on well-defined rules and in principle it could be easily included
into rigorous mathematical physics. I will explain some interesting
conjectures which emerged from the program, but which so far lack rigorous
proof. No prior knowledge of CFTs or conformal bootstrap will be assumed.

How to evaluate  meromorphic germs at their poles while preserving a
locality principle reminiscent of locality in QFT is a    question that
lies at the heart of  pQFT. It further  arises in other disguises in
number theory, the combinatorics on cones and toric geometry. We
introduce an abstract notion of locality and a related notion of
mutually independent meromorphic germs in several variables. Much in the
spirit of Speer's generalised evaluators in the framework of analytic
renormalisation, the question then amounts to extending the ordinary
evaluation at a point  to  certain algebras of meromorphic germs, in
such a way that the extension  factorises  on mutually independent
germs. In the talk, we shall describe a family of such extended
evaluators  and show that modulo a Galois type  transformation, they
amount to a minimal subtraction scheme in several variables.
This talk is based on ongoing joint work with Li Guo and Bin Zhang.
 

I take the “collapse of the wave-function” to be an objective physical process—OR (the Objective Reduction of the quantum state)—which I argue to be intimately related to a basic conflict between the principles of equivalence and quantum linear superposition, which leads us to a fairly specific formula (in agreement with one found earlier by Diósi) for the timescale for OR to take place. Moreover, we find that for consistency with relativity, OR needs to be “instantaneous” but with curious retro-active features. By extending an argument due to Donadi, for EPR situations, we find a fundamental conflict with “gradualist” models such as CSL, in which OR is taken to be the result of a (stochastic) evolution of quantum amplitudes.

In this talk I will explain how theories with local symmetries are treated in perturbative Algebraic Quantum Field Theory (pAQFT). The main mathematical tool used here is the Batalin Vilkovisky (BV) formalism. I will show how the perturbative Master Ward Identity can be applied in this formalism to make sense of the renormalised Quantum Master Equation. I will also comment on perspectives for a non-perturbative formulation.

Subfactors and K-theory are useful mechanisms for understanding modular tensor categories and conformal field theories. As part of this programme, one issue to try and construct or reconstruct a conformal field theory as the representation theory of a conformal net of algebras, or as a vertex operator algebra from a given abstractly presented modular tensor category. Orbifold models play an important role and orbifolds of Tambara-Yamagami systems are relevant to understanding the double of the Haagerup as a conformal field theory. This is joint work with Andreas Aaserud, Terry Gannon and Ulrich Pennig.

I discuss a ``running vacuum cosmological model'' of a string-inspired
Universe, in which gravitational anomalies play an important role, in
inducing, through condensates of primordial gravitational waves, an early de
Sitter inflationary phase, during which constant (in cosmic time)
backgrounds of the antisymmetric (Kalb-Ramond (KR)) tensor field of the
massless bosonic string multiplet remain undiluted until the exit from
inflation and well into the subsequent radiation era. During the radiation
phase, such backgrounds, which violate spontaneously Lorentz and CPT
symmetry, induce lepton asymmetry (Leptogenesis) in models involving
right-handed neutrinos. Chiral matter is generated in the model at the exit
phase of inflation, and this leads to the cancellation of gravitational
anomalies in the post inflationary universe. During the radiation era, non
perturbative effects can also be held responsible for the generation of a

potential for the gravitational axion, associated in (3+1)-dimensions with
the field strength of the KR field, which can thus play the role of a Dark
Matter component. In the talk, I discuss the underlying formalism and argue
in favour of the consistency of a theory with gravitational anomalies in the
early Universe. I connect the energy density of such a universe with that of
the so called ``running-vacuum model'' in which the vacuum energy density is
expressed in terms of even powers of the Hubble parameter, which in general
depends on cosmic time. The gravitational-wave condensate induces a term in
the energy density  proportional to the fourth-power of the Hubble parameter
H^4 , which is responsible for the early de Sitter phase, during which the
Hubble parameter is approximately a constant. I also discuss briefly a
connection of this string inspired model with the Swampland and weak gravity
conjectures and explain how consistency with such conjectures is achieved,
despite the fact that the model is compatible with slow-roll inflationary
phenomenology.