Past

Complex dynamics is the study of the behaviour, under iteration, of complex polynomials and rational functions. This talk is about an application of combinatorial algebraic geometry to complex dynamics. The n-th Gleason polynomial G_n is a polynomial in one variable with Z-coefficients, whose roots correspond to degree-2 polynomials with an n-periodic critical point. Per_n is a (nodal) Riemann surface parametrizing degree-2 rational functions with an n-periodic critical point. Two long-standing open questions are: (1) Is G_n is irreducible over Q? (2) Is Per_n connected? I will sketch an argument showing that if G_n is irreducible over Q, then Per_n is connected. In order to do this, we find a special degeneration of degree-2 rational maps that tells us that Per_n has smooth point with Q-coordinates "at infinity”.

Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in deep learning methods to tackle inverse problems arising in various domains such as medical imaging, remote sensing, and the arts and humanities. This talk offers an overview of recent advances in the foundations and applications of deep learning for inverse problems, with a focus on model-based deep learning methods. Concretely, this talk will overview our work relating to theoretical advances in the area of mode-based learning, including learning guarantees; algorithmic advances in model-based learning; and, finally it will showcase a portfolio of emerging signal & image processing challenges that benefit from model based learning, including image separation / deconvolution challenges arising in the arts and humanities.

Bio:

Miguel Rodrigues is a Professor of Information Theory and Processing at University College London; he leads the Information, Inference and Machine Learning Lab at UCL, and he has also been the founder and director of the master programme in Integrated Machine Learning Systems at UCL. He has also been the UCL Turing University Lead and a Turing Fellow with the Alan Turing Institute — the UK National Institute of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence.

He held various appointments with various institutions worldwide including Cambridge University, Princeton University, Duke University, and the University of Porto, Portugal. He obtained the undergraduate degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Portugal and the PhD degree in Electronic and Electrical Engineering from University College London.

Dr. Rodrigues's research lies in the general areas of information theory, information processing, and machine learning. His most relevant contributions have ranged from the information-theoretic analysis and design of communications systems, information-theoretic security, information-theoretic analysis and design of sensing systems, and the information-theoretic foundations of machine learning.

He serves or has served as Editor of IEEE BITS, Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, and Lead Guest Editor of various Special Issues of the IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Signal Processing, Information and Inference, and Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing.

Dr. Rodrigues has been the recipient of various prizes and awards including the Prize for Merit from the University of Porto, the Prize Engenheiro Cristian Spratley, the Prize Engenheiro Antonio de Almeida, fellowships from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, and fellowships from the Foundation Calouste Gulbenkian. Dr. Rodrigues research on information-theoretic security has also attracted the IEEE Communications and Information Theory Societies Joint Paper Award 2011.  

He has also been elevated to Fellow of the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE) for his contributions to the ‘multi-modal data processing and reliable and secure communications.’

We’ll have an open discussion about the ways in which Mathematics is very euro-centric and how we can act, as students and educators, to change this.

For any symplectic singularity, one can consider the minimal degenerations between symplectic leaves - these are the relative singularities of a pair of adjacent leaves in the closure relation. I will describe a complete classification of these minimal degenerations for Nakajima quiver varieties. It provides an effective algorithm for computing the associated Hesse diagrams. In the physics literature, it is known that this Hasse diagram can be computed using quiver subtraction. Our results appear to recover this process. I will explain applications of our results to the question of normality of leaf closures in quiver varieties. The talk is based on joint work in progress with Travis Schedler.

''Positive geometries'' are a class of semi-algebraic domains which admit a unique ''canonical form'': a logarithmic form whose residues match the boundary structure of the domain. The study of such geometries is motivated by recent progress in particle physics, where the corresponding canonical forms are interpreted as the integrands of scattering amplitudes. We recast these concepts in the language of mixed Hodge theory, and identify ''genus zero pairs'' of complex algebraic varieties as a natural and general framework for the study of positive geometries and their canonical forms. In this framework, we prove some basic properties of canonical forms which have previously been proved or conjectured in the literature. We give many examples and study in detail the case of arrangements of hyperplanes and convex polytopes.

[arXiv:2501.03202]

Differentiable programming is the underpinning technology for the AI revolution. It allows neural networks to be programmed in very high level user code while still achieving very high performance for both the evaluation of the network and, crucially, its derivatives. The Firedrake project applies exactly the same concepts to the simulation of physical phenomena modelled with partial differential equations (PDEs). By exploiting the high level mathematical abstraction offered by the finite element method, users are able to write mathematical operators for the problem they wish to solve in Python. The high performance parallel implementations of these operators are then automatically generated, and composed with the PETSc solver framework to solve the resulting PDE. However, because the symbolic differential operators are available as code, it is possible to reason symbolically about them before the numerical evaluation. In particular, the operators can be differentiated with respect to their inputs, and the resulting derivative operators composed in forward or reverse order. This creates a differentiable programming paradigm congruent with (and compatible with) machine learning frameworks such as Pytorch and JAX. 

In this presentation, David Ham will present Firedrake in the context of differentiable programming, and show how this enables productivity, capability and performance to be combined in a unique way. I will also touch on the mechanism that enables Firedrake to be coupled with Pytorch and JAX.

Please note this talk will take place at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot. 

In the first half of the talk I will review the theory of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), leading to the Bloch-Torrey PDE. I will then describe the pulsed-gradient spin-echo method for measuring the Fourier transform of the voxel-averaged propagator of the Bloch-Torrey equation.  This technique permits one to compute the diffusion coefficient in a voxel. For complex biological tissue, as in the brain, the standard model represents spin-echo as a multiexponential signal, whose exponents and coefficients describe the diffusion coefficients and volume fractions of isolated tissue compartments, respectively. The question of identifying these parameters from experimental measurements leads us to investigate the degree of well-posedness of this problem that I will discuss in the second half of the talk. We show that the parameter reconstruction problem exhibits power law transition to ill-posedness, and derive the explicit formula for the exponent by reformulating the problem in terms of the integral equation that can be solved explicitly. This is a joint work with my Ph.D. student Henry J. Brown.

In this talk, we consider Dirichlet forms related to stochastic quantisation for the \(exp(φ)_{2}\)-model on the torus. We show strong uniqueness of the corresponding Dirichlet operators by applying an idea of (singular) SPDEs. This talk is based on ongoing joint work with Hirotatsu Nagoji (Kyoto University).

This will be an expository lecture intended for a general mathematical audience to illustrate, through examples, the theme of $p$-adic variation in the classical theory of modular forms.  Classically, modular forms are complex analytic objects, but because their Fourier coefficients are typically integral, it is possible to also do elementary arithmetic with them.   Early examples arose already in the work of Ramanujan.  Today one knows that modular forms encode deep arithmetic information about elliptic curves and Galois representations.  Our main goal will be to illustrate these ideas through simple concrete examples.   

Multiparameter persistent homology is a generalization of persistent homology that allows for more than a single filtration function. Such constructions arise naturally when considering data with outliers or variations in density, time-varying data, or functional data. Even though its algebraic roots are substantially more complicated, several new invariants have been proposed recently. In this talk, I will go over such invariants, as well as their stability, vectorizations and implementations in statistical machine learning.

In this Fridays@4 event – for this week renamed Fridays@1 (with lunchtime pizza) – Torkel Loman from the Mathematics Institute and Alastair McCullough from the Department of Computer Science will present their talks.

Torkel Loman
The behaviours of noisy feedback loops and where (in parameter space) to find them

Alastair McCullough 
Tech, Coffee, and the Regulation of Truth: An Enterprise Barista's Story

Torkel's abstract

Mixed positive/negative feedback loops (networks where a single component both activates and deactivates its own productions) are common across biological systems, and also the subject of this talk. Here (inspired by systems for e.g. bacterial antibiotics resistance), we create a minimal mathematical model of such a feedback loop. Our model (a stochastic delay differential equation) depends on only 6, biologically interpretable, parameters. We describe 10 distinct behaviours that such feedback loops can produce, and map their occurrence across 6-dimensional parameter space.

A monoid S is said to be weakly right coherent if every finitely generated right ideal of S is finitely presented as a right S-act. It is known that S is weakly right coherent if and only if it satisfies the following conditions: S is right ideal Howson, meaning that the intersection of any two finitely generated right ideals of S is finitely generated; and the right annihilator congruences r(a)={(u,v) in S x S | au=av} for each a in S are finitely generated as right congruences.

This talk will introduce basic semigroup theoretic concepts as is necessary before briefly surveying some important coherency-related results. Closure properties of the classes of monoids satisfying each of the above properties will be shared, with details explored for a specific construction. Time permitting, connections with axiomatisation will be discussed.

This talk will in part be based on a paper written with coauthors Craig Miller and Victoria Gould, preprint available at: arXiv:2411.03947.

Consumer-resource interactions are central to ecology, as all organisms rely on consuming resources to survive. Functional responses describe how a consumer's feeding rate changes with resource availability, influenced by processes like searching for, capturing, and handling resources. To study functional responses, experiments typically measure the amount of food consumed—often in discrete units like prey—over a set time. These experiments systematically vary prey availability to observe how it affects the consumer's feeding behaviour. The data generated by such experiments are often analysed using differential equation-based models. Here, we argue that such models do not represent a realistic data-generating process for many such experiments and propose an alternative stochastic individual-based model. This class of models, however, is expensive for inference, and we use machine learning methods to expedite fitting these models to data. We then use our method to do generalised linear model-based inference for a series of experiments conducted on a stickleback fish. Our methodology is made available to others in a Python package for Bayesian hierarchical inference for stochastic, individual-based models of functional responses.

Let F(x,y) be a polynomial over the complex numbers. The Elekes-Ronyai theorem says that if F(x,y) is not essentially addition or multiplication, then F(x,y) exhibits expansion: for any finite subset A, B of complex numbers of size n, the size of F(A,B)={F(a,b):a in A, b in B} will be much larger than n. In fact, it is proved that |F(A,B)|>Cn^{4/3} for some constant C. In this talk, I will present a recent joint work with Martin Bays, which is an asymmetric and higher dimensional version of the Elekes-Rónyai theorem, where A and B can be taken to be of different sizes and y a tuple. This result is achieved via a generalisation of the Elekes-Szabó theorem.

For some values of degrees d=(d_1,...,d_c), we construct a compactification of a Hilbert scheme of complete intersections of type d. We present both a quotient and a direct construction. Then we work towards the construction of a quasiprojective coarse moduli space of smooth complete intersections via Geometric Invariant Theory.

In this talk, I will introduce a dynamic model of a banking network in which the value of interbank obligations is continuously adjusted to reflect counterparty default risk. An interesting feature of the model is that the credit value adjustments increase volatility during downturns, leading to endogenous distress contagion. The counterparty default risk can be computed backwards in time from the obligations' maturity date, leading to a specification of the model in terms of a forward-backward stochastic differential equation (FBSDE), coupled through the banks' default times. The singular nature of this coupling, makes a probabilistic analysis of the FBSDE challenging. So, instead, we derive a characterisation of the default probabilities through a cascade of partial differential equations (PDE). Each PDE represents a configuration with a different number of defaulted banks and has a free boundary that coincides with the banks' default thresholds. We establish classical well-posedness of this PDE cascade, from which we derive existence and uniqueness of the FBSDE.

We talk about effective equidistribution of the expanding horocycles on the unit cotangent bundle of the modular surface with respect to various classes of Borel probability measures on the reals, depending on their Fourier asymptotics.  This is a joint work with Shreyasi Datta.

In this talk I will review some recent results concerning the qualitative behaviour of symplectic integrators applied to Hamiltonian PDEs, such as the nonlinear wave equation or Schrödinger equations. 

Additionally, I will discuss the problem of numerical resonances, the existence of modified energy and the existence and stability of numerical solitons over long times. 

These are works with B. Grébert, D. Bambusi, G. Maierhofer and K. Schratz. 

In string theory, elementary particles correspond to the various oscillation modes of fundamental strings, whose dynamics in spacetime is described by a two-dimensional conformal field theory on the worldsheet of the propagating strings. While the theory enjoys several desirable features - UV-finiteness, the presence of the graviton in the closed-string spectrum, a pathway to unification - several aspects remain elusive or unsatisfactory, including the on-shell and perturbative nature of string scattering amplitudes and the presence of infrared divergences. String field theory - the formulation of string theory as a quantum field theory - provides a unique and complete framework for describing string dynamics, allowing for example to compute off-shell amplitudes and non-perturbative contributions, to regulate infrared divergences and to approach background independence. This talk will be concerned with the construction of string field theories. Following a brief review of string theory, I will introduce the string fields, and discuss the construction of a string field action and the associated Feynman diagrams. Finally, I will mention some applications before concluding.

Junior Strings is a seminar series where DPhil students present topics of common interest that do not necessarily overlap with their own research area. This is primarily aimed at PhD students and post-docs but everyone is welcome.

Determining stationary compact configurations of vorticity described by the 2D Euler equations is a classic problem dating back to the late 19th century. The aim is to find equilibrium distributions of vorticity, in the form  of point vortices, vortex sheets, vortex patches, and hollow vortices. This endeavour has driven the development of mathematical and numerical techniques such as Hamiltonian vortex dynamics and contour dynamics.

In the case of vortex sheets, methods and results are presented for finding rotating equilibria, some in the presence of point vortices. To begin, a numerical approach based on that recently developed by Trefethen, Costa, Baddoo, and others for solving Laplace's equation in the complex plane by series and rational approximation is described. The method successfully reproduces the exact vortex sheet solutions found by O'Neil (2018) and Protas & Sakajo (2020). Some new solutions are found.

The numerical approach suggests an analytical method based on conformal mapping for finding exact closed-form vortex sheet equilibria. Examples are presented.

Finally, new numerical solutions are computed for steady, doubly-connected vortex layers of uniform vorticity surrounding a solid object such that the fluid velocity vanishes on the outer free boundary. While dynamically unrelated, these solutions have mathematical analogy and application to the industrial free boundary problem arising in the dip-coating of objects by a viscous fluid.

The Ciarlet definition of a finite element has been core to our understanding of the finite element method since its inception. It has proved particularly useful in structuring the implementation of finite element software. However, the definition does not encapsulate all the details required to uniquely implement an element, meaning each user of the definition (whether a researcher or software package) must make further mathematical assumptions to produce a working system. 

The talk presents a new definition built on Ciarlet’s that addresses these concerns. The novel definition forms the core of a new piece of software in development, FUSE, which allows the users to consider the choice of finite element as part of the data they are working with. This is a new implementation strategy among finite element software packages, and we will discuss some potential benefits of the development.

This talk is about a classical problem in differential geometry and global analysis: the isometric immersions of Riemannian manifolds into Euclidean spaces. We focus on the PDE approach to isometric immersions, i.e., the analysis of Gauss--Codazzi--Ricci equations, especially in the regime of low Sobolev regularity. Such equations are not purely elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic in general, hence calling for analytical tools for PDEs of mixed types. We discuss various recent contributions -- in line with the pioneering works by G.-Q. Chen, M. Slemrod, and D. Wang [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. (2010); Comm. Math. Phys. (2010)] -- on the weak continuity of Gauss--Codazzi--Ricci equations, the weak stability of isometric immersions, and the fundamental theorem of submanifold theory with low regularity. Two mixed-type PDE techniques are emphasised throughout these developments: the method of compensated compactness and the theory of Coulomb--Uhlenbeck gauges.

''Positive geometries'' are a class of semi-algebraic domains which admit a unique ''canonical form'': a logarithmic form whose residues match the boundary structure of the domain. The study of such geometries is motivated by recent progress in particle physics, where the corresponding canonical forms are interpreted as the integrands of scattering amplitudes. We recast these concepts in the language of mixed Hodge theory, and identify ''genus zero pairs'' of complex algebraic varieties as a natural and general framework for the study of positive geometries and their canonical forms. In this framework, we prove some basic properties of canonical forms which have previously been proved or conjectured in the literature. We give many examples and study in detail the case of arrangements of hyperplanes and convex polytopes.