Past Topology Seminar

A particle bouncing around inside a Euclidean polygon gives rise to a biinfinite "bounce sequence" (or "cutting sequence") recording the (labeled) sides encountered by the particle.  In this talk, I will describe recent work with Duchin, Erlandsson, and Sadanand, where we prove that the set of all bounce sequences---the "bounce spectrum"---essentially determines the shape of the polygon.  This is consequence of a technical result about Liouville currents associated to nonpositively curved Euclidean cone metrics on surfaces.  In the talk I will explain the objects mentioned above, how they relate to each other, and give some idea of how one determines the shape of the polygon from its bounce spectrum.

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a local system on a connected topological manifold is completely determined by its attached monodromy representation of the fundamental group. Similarly, lisse ℓ-adic sheaves on a connected variety determine and are determined by representations of the profinite étale fundamental group. Now if one wants to classify constructible sheaves by representations in a similar manner, new invariants arise. In the topological category, this is the exit path category of Robert MacPherson (and its elaborations by David Treumann and Jacob Lurie), and since these paths do not ‘run around once’ but ‘run out’, we coined the term exodromy representation. In the algebraic category, we define a profinite ∞-category – the étale fundamental ∞-category – whose representations determine and are determined by constructible (étale) sheaves. We describe the étale fundamental ∞-category and its connection to ramification theory, and we summarise joint work with Saul Glasman and Peter Haine.

One of the fundamental themes of geometric group theory is to
view finitely generated groups as geometric objects in their own right,
and to then understand to what extent the geometry of a group determines
its algebra. A theorem of Stallings says that a finitely generated group
has more than one end if and only if it splits over a finite subgroup.
In this talk, I will explain an analogous geometric characterisation of
when a group admits a splitting over certain classes of infinite subgroups.

The Z/2-equivariant Heegaard Floer cohomlogy of the double cover of S^3 along a knot, defined by Lipshitz, Hendricks, and Sarkar, 
is an isomorphism class of F_2[\theta]-modules. In this talk, we show that this invariant is natural, and is functorial under based cobordisms. 
Given a transverse knot K in the standard contact 3-sphere, we define an element of the Z/2-equivariant Heegaard Floer cohomology 
that depends only on the tranverse isotopy class of K, and is functorial under certain symplectic cobordisms.

Rips filtrations over a finite metric space and their corresponding persistent homology are prominent methods in Topological Data Analysis to summarize the ``shape'' of data. For finite metric space $X$ and distance $r$  the traditional Rips complex with parameter $r$ is the flag complex whose vertices are the points in $X$ and whose edges are $\{[x,y]: d(x,y)\leq r\}$. From considering how the homology of these complexes evolves we can create persistence modules (and their associated barcodes and persistence diagrams). Crucial to their use is the stability result that says if $X$ and $Y$ are finite metric space then the bottleneck distance between persistence modules constructed by the Rips filtration is bounded by $2d_{GH}(X,Y)$ (where $d_{GH}$ is the Gromov-Hausdorff distance). Using the asymmetry of the distance function we construct four different constructions analogous to the persistent homology of the Rips filtration and show they also are stable with respect to the Gromov-Hausdorff distance. These different constructions involve ordered-tuple homology, symmetric functions of the distance function, strongly connected components and poset topology.

Developments in geometry and low dimensional topology have given renewed vigour to the following classical question: to what extent do the finite images of a finitely presented group determine the group? I'll survey what we know about this question in the context of 3-manifolds, and I shall present recent joint work with McReynolds, Reid and Spitler showing that the fundamental groups of certain hyperbolic orbifolds are distingusihed from all other finitely generated groups by their finite quotients.

The bipolar filtration of Cochran, Harvey and Horn initiated the study of deeper structures of the smooth concordance group of the topologically slice knots. We show that the graded quotient of the bipolar filtration has infinite rank at each stage greater than one. To detect nontrivial elements in the quotient, the proof uses higher order amenable Cheeger-Gromov $L^2$ $\rho$-invariants and infinitely many Heegaard Floer correction term $d$-invariants simultaneously. This is joint work with Jae Choon Cha.

The cyclic surgery theorem of Culler, Gordon, Luecke, and Shalen implies that any knot in S^3 other than a torus knot has at most two nontrivial cyclic surgeries. In this talk, we investigate the weaker notion of SU(2)-cyclic surgeries on a knot, meaning surgeries whose fundamental groups only admit SU(2) representations with cyclic image. By studying the image of the SU(2) character variety of a knot in the “pillowcase”, we will show that if it has infinitely many SU(2)-cyclic surgeries, then the corresponding slopes (viewed as a subset of RP^1) have a unique limit point, which is a finite, rational number, and that this limit is a boundary slope for the knot. As a corollary, it follows that for any nontrivial knot, the set of SU(2)-cyclic surgery slopes is bounded. This is joint work with Raphael Zentner.

I will talk about the diffeomorphism classification of 4-manifolds up to 
connected sums with the complex projective plane, and how the resulting 
equivalence class of a manifold can be detected by algebraic topological 
invariants of the manifold.  I may also discuss related results when one 
takes connected sums with another favourite 4-manifold, S^2 x S^2, instead.

I will report on a joint project with Frank Swenton whose goal is to develop an algorithm to determine whether an alternating knot is ribbon.  We can’t do this yet but we have an algorithm that has been remarkably, and indeed mysteriously, successful in finding a great deal of new slice knots.

The Monster Lie algebra m, which admits an action of the Monster finite simple group M, was constructed by Borcherds as part of his program to solve the Conway-Norton conjecture about the representation theory of M. We associate the analog of a Lie group G(m) to the Monster Lie algebra m. We give generators for large free subgroups and we describe relations in G(m).

This talk concerns a twenty-thousand-year old mistake: The natural numbers record only the result of counting and not the process of counting. As algebra is rooted in the natural numbers, the higher algebra of Joyal and Lurie is rooted in a more basic notion of number which also records the process of counting. Long advocated by Waldhausen, the arithmetic of these more basic numbers should eliminate denominators. Notable manifestations of this vision include the Bökstedt-Hsiang-Madsen topological cyclic homology, which receives a denominator-free Chern character, and the related Bhatt-Morrow-Scholze integral p-adic Hodge theory, which makes it possible to exploit torsion cohomology classes in arithmetic geometry. Moreover, for schemes smooth and proper over a finite field, the analogue of de Rham cohomology in this setting naturally gives rise to a cohomological interpretation of the Hasse-Weil zeta function by regularized determinants as envisioned by Deninger.

Fix a loop group LG, a level k∈ℕ, and let Repᵏ(LG) be corresponding category of positive energy representations.
For any pair of pants Σ (with complex structure in the interior and parametrized boundary), there is an associated functor Repᵏ(LG) × Repᵏ(LG) → Repᵏ(LG): (H,K) ↦ H⊠K, called the fusion product.

It had been widely expected (but never proven) that this operation should be unitary. Namely, that the choice of LG-invariant inner products on H and on K should induce an LG-invariant inner product on H⊠K. We show that this is not the case: there is an anomaly.
More precisely, there is an ℝ₊-torsor canonically associated to Σ. It is only after trivialising of this ℝ₊-torsor that the fusion product acquires an LG-invariant inner product. (The same statement applies when Σ is an arbitrary Riemann surface with boundary.)
Joint work with James Tener.

In this talk I will construct a reduced tensor product of braided fusion categories containing a symmetric fusion category $\mathcal{A}$. This tensor product takes into account the relative braiding with respect to objects of $\mathcal{A}$ in these braided fusion categories. The resulting category is again a braided fusion category containing $\mathcal{A}$. This tensor product is inspired by the tensor product of $G$-equivariant once-extended three-dimensional quantum field theories, for a finite group $G$.
To define this reduced tensor product, we equip the Drinfeld centre $\mathcal{Z}(\mathcal{A})$ of the symmetric fusion category $\mathcal{A}$ with an unusual tensor product, making $\mathcal{Z}(\mathcal{A})$ into a 2-fold monoidal category. Using this 2-fold structure, we introduce a new type of category enriched over the Drinfeld centre to capture the braiding behaviour with respect to $\mathcal{A}$ in the braided fusion categories, and use this encoding to define the reduced tensor product.
 

I will discuss ongoing work aimed at constructing higher categories of (enriched) higher categories. This should give the appropriate targets for many interesting examples of extended topological quantum field theories, including extended versions of the classical examples of TQFTs due to Turaev-Viro, Reshetikhin-Turaev, etc.

Klarrich showed that the Gromov boundary of the curve complex of a hyperbolic surface is homeomorphic to the space of ending laminations on that surface. Independent results of Bestvina-Reynolds and Hamenstädt give an analogous statement for the free factor graph of a free group, where the space of ending laminations is replaced with a space of equivalence classes of arational trees. I will give an introduction to these objects and describe some joint work with Bestvina and Horbez, where we show that the Gromov boundary of the free factor graph for a free group of rank N has topological dimension at most 2N-2.

Let \Gamma_{g,1} denote the mapping class group of a genus g surface with one parametrized boundary component.  The group homology H_i(\Gamma_{g,1}) is independent of g, as long as g is large compared to i, by a famous theorem of Harer known as homological stability, now known to hold when 2g > 3i.  Outside that range, the relative homology groups H_i(\Gamma_{g,1},\Gamma_{g-1,1}) contain interesting information about the failure of homological stability.  In this talk, I will discuss a metastability result; the relative groups depend only on the number k = 2g-3i, as long as g is large compared to k.  This is joint work with Alexander Kupers and Oscar Randal-Williams.

The smooth homotopy category is a simultaneous enlargement of the usual homotopy category and of the category of smooth manifolds. Its structure can be described very simply and explicitly by a version of van Est's theorem.  It provides us with an  interpolation between topology and geometry (and with a toy model of derived algebraic geometry and motivic homotopy theory, though I shall not pursue those directions).  My talk will list some situations which the category seems to illuminate: one will be Kapranov's beautiful description of the Lie algebra of the 'group' of based loops in a manifold.
 

Boundaries of hyperbolic spaces have played a key role in low dimensional topology and geometric group theory.  In 1993, Paulin showed that the topology of the boundary of a (Gromov) hyperbolic space, together with its quasi-mobius structure, determines the space up to quasi-isometry.  One can define an analogous boundary, called the Morse boundary, for any proper geodesic metric space.  I will discuss an analogue of Paulin’s theorem for Morse boundaries of CAT(0) spaces. (Joint work with Devin Murray.)

We will discuss a construction of cobordism maps on the full link complex for decorated link cobordisms. We will focus on some formal properties, such as grading change formulas and local relations. We will see how several expressions for mapping class group actions can be interpreted in terms of pictorial relations on decorated surfaces. Similarly, we will see how these pictorial relations give a "connected sum formula" for the involutive concordance invariants of Hendricks and Manolescu.

After giving an introduction to functorial field theories I will explain a natural generalization thereof, called "twisted" field theories by Stolz-Teichner. The definition uses the notion of lax or oplax natural transformations of strong functors of higher categories for which I will sketch a framework. I will discuss the fully extended case, which gives a comparison to Freed-Teleman's "relative" boundary field theories. Finally, I will explain some examples, one of which explicitly arises from factorization homology and whose target is the higher Morita category of E_n-algebras, bimodules, bimodules of bimodules etc.

An efficient way to descibe binary operations which are associative only up to coherent homotopy is via simplicial spaces. 2-Segal spaces were introduced independently by Dyckerhoff--Kapranov and G\'alvez-Carrillo--Kock--Tonks to encode spaces carrying multivalued, coherently associative products. For example, the Waldhausen S-construction of an abelian category is a 2-Segal space. It describes a multivalued product on the space of objects given in terms of short exact sequences. 
The main motivation to study spaces carrying multivalued products is that they can be linearised, producing algebras in the usual sense of the word. For the preceding example, the linearisation yields the Hall algebra of the abelian category. One can also extract tensor categories using a categorical linearisation procedure.
In this talk I will discuss double 2-Segal spaces, that is, bisimplicial spaces which satisfy the 2-Segal condition in each variable. Such bisimplicial spaces give rise to multivalued bialgebras. The second iteration of the Waldhausen S-construction is a double 2-Segal space whose linearisation is the bialgebra structure given by Green's Theorem. The categorial linearisation produces categorifications of Zelevinsky's positive, self-adjoint Hopf algebras.
 

Knots and links naturally appear in the neighbourhood of the singularity of a complex curve; this creates a bridge between algebraic geometry and differential topology. I will discuss a topological approach to the study of 1-parameter families of singular curves, using correction terms in Heegaard Floer homology. This is joint work with József Bodnár and Daniele Celoria.

The technique of scanning, or the parameterised Pontrjagin--Thom construction, has been extraordinarily successful in calculating the cohomology of configuration spaces (McDuff), moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces (Madsen, Tillmann, Weiss), moduli spaces of graphs (Galatius), and moduli spaces of manifolds of higher dimension (Galatius, R-W, Botvinnik, Perlmutter), with constant coefficients. In each case the method also works to study the cohomology of moduli spaces of objects equipped with a "tangential structure". I will explain how choosing an auxiliary highly-symmetric tangential structure often lets one calculate the cohomology of these moduli spaces with large families of twisted coefficients, by exploiting the symmetries of the tangential structure and using a little representation theory.

 

 Markus Szymik and I computed the homology of the Higman-Thompson groups by first showing that they stabilize (with slope 0), and then computing the stable homology. I will in this talk give a new point of view on the computation of the stable homology using Thumann's "operad groups". I will also give an idea of how scanning methods can enter the picture. (This is partially joint work with Søren Galatius.) 

It is hard to detect the exotic nature of an exotic n-sphere M 
in homotopical features of the diffeomorphism group Diff(M). The well 
known reason is that Diff(M) contains a big topological subgroup H which 
is identified with the group of diffeomorphisms rel boundary of the 
n-disk, with a small coset space Diff(M)/H which is invariably homotopy 
equivalent to O(n+1). Therefore it seems that our only chance to detect 
the exotic nature of M in homotopical features of Diff(M) is to see 
something in this extension.  (To make sense of "homotopical features of 
Diff(M)" one should think of Diff(M) as a space with a multiplication 
acting on an n-sphere.) I am planning to report on PhD work of O Sommer 
and calculations due to myself and Sommer which, if all goes well, would 
show that Diff(M) has some exotic homotopical properties in the case 
where M is the 7-dimensional exotic sphere of Kervaire-Milnor fame which 
bounds a compact smooth framed 8-manifold of signature 8. The 
theoretical work is based on classical smoothing theory and the 
calculations would be based on ever-ongoing (>30 years) joint work 
Weiss-Williams, and might give me and Williams another valuable 
incentive to finish it.

We construct the diffeomorphism-equivariant “scanning map” associated to the configuration spaces of manifolds with twisted summable labels. The scanning map is also functorial with respect to embeddings of manifolds. To adapt P. Salvatore's idea of non-commutative summation into twisted setting, we define a bundle of Fulton-MacPherson operads over a manifold M whose fibres are built within tangent spaces of M.

In 1956 Milnor published a paper proving that there are manifolds homeomorphic to the 7-sphere but not diffeomorphic to it. Seeking to generalise this example, he was led in around 1960 to introduce a construction for  killing homotopy groups of manifolds. When this was generalised to killing relative homotopy groups it became a general and powerful method of construction. An obstruction arises to killing the last group, and the analysis of this obstruction in general leads to a new theory.

Any closed 3-manifold can be obtained by glueing two handle bodies along their boundary. For a fixed such glueing, any other differs by changing the glueing map by an element in the mapping class group. Beginning with an idea of Dunfield and Thurston, we can use a random walk on the mapping class group to construct random 3-manifolds. I will report on recent work on the structure of such manifolds, in particular in view of tower of coverings and their topological growth: Torsion homology growth, the minimal degree of a cover with positive Betti number, expander families. I will in particularly explain the connection to some open questions about the mapping class group.

For mapping class groups of surfaces it is well-understood that their homology stability is closely related to the fact that they give rise to an infinite loop space. Indeed, they define an operad whose algebras group complete to infinite loop spaces.

In recent work with Basterra, Bobkova, Ponto and Yaekel we define operads with homology stability (OHS) more generally and prove that they are infinite loop space operads in the above sense. The strong homology stability results of Galatius and Randal-Williams for moduli spaces of manifolds can be used to construct examples of OHSs. As a consequence the map to K-theory defined by the action of the diffeomorphisms on the middle dimensional homology can be shown to be a map of infinite loop spaces.

Elliptic cohomology is a family of generalised cohomology theories
$Ell_E^*$ parametrised by an elliptic curve $E$ (over some ring $R$).
Just like many other cohomology theories, elliptic cohomology admits
equivariant versions. In this talk, I will recall an old conjectural
description of elliptic cohomology, due to G. Segal, S. Stolz and P.
Teichner. I will explain how that conjectural description led me to
suspect that there should exist a generalisation of equivariant
elliptic cohomology, where the group of equivariance gets replaced by
a fusion category. Finally, I will construct $C$-equivariant elliptic
cohomology when $C$ is a fusion category, and $R$ is a ring of
characteristc zero.

The cobordism hypothesis gives a correspondence between the
framed local topological field theories with values in C and a fully
dualizable objects in C.  Changing framing gives an O(n) action on the
space of local TFTs, and hence by the cobordism hypothesis it gives a
(homotopy coherent) action of O(n) on the space of fully dualizable
objects in C.  One example of this phenomenon is that O(3) acts on the
space of fusion categories.  In fact, O(3) acts on the larger space of
finite tensor categories.  I'll describe this action explicitly and
discuss its relationship to the double dual, Radford's theorem,
pivotal structures, and spherical structures.  This is part of work in
progress joint with Chris Douglas and Chris Schommer-Pries.
 

Given two actions of a group $G$ on trees $T_1,T_2$, Guirardel introduced the "core", a $G$--cocompact CAT(0) subspace of $T_1\times
T_2$.  The covolume of the core is a natural notion of "intersection number" for the two tree actions (for example, if $G$ is a surface group
and $T_1,T_2$ are Bass-Serre trees associated to splittings along some curves, this "intersection number" is the one you'd expect).  We
generalise this construction by considering a fixed finitely-presented group $G$ equipped with finitely many essential, cocompact actions on
CAT(0) cube complexes $X_1,...,X_d$.  Inside $X=X_1\times ... \times X_d$, we find a $G$--invariant subcomplex $C$ which, although not convex
or necessarily CAT(0), has each component isometrically embedded with respect to the $\ell_1$ metric on $X$ (the key point is this change from
the CAT(0) to the $\ell_1$ viewpoint).  In the case where $d=2$ and $X_1,X_2$ are simplicial trees, $C$ is the Guirardel core.  Many
features of the Guirardel core generalise, and I will summarise these. For example, if the cubulations $G\to Aut(X_i)$ are "essentially
different", then $C$ is connected and $G$--cocompact.  Time permitting, I will discuss an application, namely a new proof of Nielsen realisation
for finite subgroups of $Out(F_n)$.  This talk is based on ongoing joint work with Henry Wilton.

Large-scale homology computations are often rendered tractable by discrete Morse theory. Every discrete Morse function on a given cell complex X produces a Morse chain complex whose chain groups are spanned by critical cells and whose homology is isomorphic to that of X. However, the space-level information is typically lost because very little is known about how critical cells are attached to each other. In this talk, we discretize a beautiful construction of Cohen, Jones and Segal in order to completely recover the homotopy type of X from an overlaid discrete Morse function.

Coarse embeddings occur completely naturally in geometric group theory: every finitely generated subgroup of a finitely generated group is coarsely embedded. Since even very nice classes of groups - hyperbolic groups or right-angled Artin groups for example - are known to have 'wild' collections of subgroups, there are precious few invariants that one may use to prove a statement of the form '$H$ does not coarsely embed into $G$' for two finitely generated groups $G,H$.
The growth function and the asymptotic dimension are two coarse invariants which which have been extensively studied, and a more recent invariant is the separation profile of Benjamini-Schramm-Timar.

In this talk I will describe a new spectrum of coarse invariants, which include both the separation profile and the growth function, and can be used to tackle many interesting problems, for instance: Does there exist a coarse embedding of the Baumslag-Solitar group $BS(1,2)$ or the lamplighter group $\mathbb{Z}_2\wr\mathbb{Z}$ into a hyperbolic group?

This is part of an ongoing collaboration with John Mackay and Romain Tessera.
 

I will begin the talk by reviewing the definition of commutative K-theory, a generalized cohomology theory introduced by Adem and Gomez. It is a refinement of topological K-theory, where the transition functions of a vector bundle satisfy a commutativity condition. The theory is represented by an infinite loop space which is called a “classifying space for commutativity”.  I will describe the homotopy type of this infinite loop space. Then I will discuss the graded ring structure on its homotopy groups, which corresponds to the tensor product of vector bundles.
 

Configuration spaces of points in a manifold are well studied. Giving the points thickness has obvious physical meaning: the configuration space of non-overlapping particles is equivalent to the phase space, or energy landscape, of a hard spheres gas. But despite their intrinsic appeal, relatively little is known so far about the topology of such spaces. I will overview some recent work in this area, including a theorem with Yuliy Baryshnikov and Peter Bubenik that related the topology of these spaces to mechanically balanced, or jammed, configurations. I will also discuss work in progress with Robert MacPherson on hard disks in an infinite strip, where we understand the asymptotics of the Betti numbers as the number of disks tends to infinity. In the end, we see a kind of topological analogue of a liquid-gas phase transition.

(Joint work with Marco Golla and József Bodnár)
We will give a general overview of the plethora of concordance invariants which can be extracted from Ozsváth-Szabó-Rasmussen's knot Floer homology. 
We will then focus on the $\nu^+$ invariant and prove some of its useful properties. 
Furthermore we will show how it can be used to obstruct the existence of cobordisms between algebraic knots.

I will report on joint work with Michael Weiss (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.00498.pdf):

Let K be a subset of a smooth manifold M. In some cases, functor calculus methods lead to a homotopical formula for M \ K in terms of the spaces M \ S,  where S runs through the finite subsets of K. This is for example the case when K is a smooth compact sub manifold of co-dimension greater or equal to three.

A cornerstone of the study of mapping class groups is the
Nielsen--Thurston classification theorem. I will outline a
polynomial-time algorithm that determines the Nielsen--Thurston type and
the canonical curve system of a mapping class. Time permitting, I shall
describe a polynomial-time algorithm to compute the quotient orbifold of
a periodic mapping class, and I shall discuss the conjugacy problem for
the mapping class group. This is joint work with Mark Bell.

Decorate knot cobordisms functorially induce maps on knot Floer homology.
We compute these maps for elementary cobordisms, and hence give a formula for 
the Alexander and Maslov grading shifts. We also show a non-vanishing result in the case of
concordances and present some applications to invertible concordances. 
This is joint work with Marco Marengon.
 

We characterize cutting arcs on ber surfaces that produce new ber surfaces,
and the changes in monodromy resulting from such cuts. As a corollary, we
characterize band surgeries between bered links and introduce an operation called
generalized Hopf banding. We further characterize generalized crossing changes between
bered links, and the resulting changes in monodromy.

This is joint work with Matt Rathbun, Kai Ishihara and Koya Shimokawa

 In this introduction for topologists, we explain the role that extensions of L-infinity algebras by taking homotopy fibers plays in physics. This first appeared with the work of physicists D'Auria and Fre in 1982, but is beautifully captured by the "brane bouquet" of Fiorenza, Sati and Schreiber which shows how physical objects such as "strings", "D-branes" and "M-branes" can be classified by taking successive homotopy fibers of an especially simple L-infinity algebra called the "supertranslation algebra". We then conclude by describing our joint work with Schreiber where we build the brane bouquet out of the homotopy theory of an even simpler L-infinity algebra called the superpoint.

 
The dimension of a finite-dimensional vector space V can be computed as the trace of the identity endomorphism id_V.  This dimension is also the value F_V(S^1) of the circle in the 1-dimensional field theory F_V associated to the vector space.  The trace of any endomorphism f:V-->V can be interpreted as the value of that field theory on a circle with a defect point labeled by the endomorphism f.  This last invariant makes sense even when the vector space is infinite-dimensional, and gives the trace of a trace-class operator on Hilbert space.  We introduce a 2-dimensional analog of this invariant, the `2-trace'.  The 2-dimension of a finite-dimensional separable k-algebra A is the dimension of the center of the algebra.  This 2-dimension is also the value F_A(S^1 x S^1) of the torus in the 2-dimensional field theory F_A associated to the algebra. Given a 2-endomorphism p of the algebra (that is an element of the center), the 2-trace of p is the value of the field theory on a torus with a defect point labeled by p.  Generalizations of this invariant to other defect configurations make sense even when the algebra is not finite-dimensional or separable, and this leads to a general notion of 2-trace class and 2-trace in any 2-category.  This is joint work with Andre Henriques.