Past

For many moduli problems, in order to construct a moduli space as a geometric invariant theory quotient, one needs to impose a notion of (semi)stability. Using recent results in non-reductive geometric invariant theory, we explain how to stratify certain moduli stacks in such a way that each stratum admits a coarse moduli space which is constructed as a geometric quotient of an action of a linear algebraic group with internally graded unipotent radical. As many stacks are
naturally filtered by quotient stacks, this involves describing how to stratify certain quotient stacks. Even for quotient stacks for reductive group actions, we see that non-reductive GIT is required to construct the coarse moduli spaces of the higher strata. We illustrate this point by studying the example of the moduli stack of coherent sheaves over a projective scheme. This is joint work with G. Berczi, J. Jackson and F. Kirwan.

I will start with briefly describing the HISH ( Holography Inspired Hadronic String) model and reviewing the fits of the spectra of mesons, baryons, glue-balls and exotic hadrons. 

I will present the determination of the hadron strong decay widths. The main decay mechanism is that of a string splitting into two strings. The corresponding total decay width behaves as $\Gamma =\frac{\pi}{2}A T L $ where T and L are the tension and length of the string and A is a dimensionless universal constant. The partial width of a given decay mode is given by $\Gamma_i/\Gamma = \Phi_i \exp(-2\pi C m_\text{sep}^2/T$ where $\Phi_i$ is a phase space factor, $m_\text{sep}$ is the mass of the "quark" and "antiquark" created at the splitting point, and C is adimensionless coefficient close to unity. I will show the fits of the theoretical results to experimental data for mesons and baryons. I will examine both the linearity in L and the exponential suppression factor. The linearity was found to agree with the data well for mesons but less for baryons. The extracted coefficient for mesons $A = 0.095\pm  0.01$  is indeed quite universal. The exponential suppression was applied to both strong and radiative decays. I will discuss the relation with string fragmentation and jet formation. I will extract the quark-diquark structure of baryons from their decays. A stringy mechanism for Zweig suppressed decays of quarkonia will be proposed and will be shown to reproduce the decay width of  states. The dependence of the width on spin and symmetry will be discussed. I will further apply this model to the decays of glueballs and exotic hadrons.

Lincoln Wallen is the Former CTO, Dreamworks Animation. All are welcome

A wide range of chronic degenerative diseases of mankind result from the accumulation of altered forms of self proteins, resulting in cell toxicity, tissue destruction and chronic inflammatory processes in which the body’s immune system contributes to further cell death and loss of function. A hallmark of these conditions, which include major disease burdens such as Alzheimer’s Disease and type II diabetes, is the formation of long fibrillar polymers that are deposited in expanding tangled masses called plaques. Recently, similarities between these pathological accumulations and physiological mechanisms for organising intracellular space have been recognised, and formal demonstrations that amyloid accumulations form hydrogels have confirmed this link. We are interested in the pathological consequences of amyloid hydrogel formation and in order to study these processes we combine modelling of the assembly process with biophysical measurement of gelation and its cellular consequences.

Please see https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/qbiox-colloquium-dunn-school-seminar-hil…

for further details

T cells stimulation by antigen (peptide-MHC, pMHC) initiates adaptive immunity, a major factor contributing to vertebrate fitness. The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) present on the surface of T cells is the critical sensor for the recognition of and response to “foreign" entities, including microbial pathogens and transformed cells. Much is known about the complex molecular machine physically connected to the TCR to initiate, propagate and regulate signals required for cellular activation. However, we largely ignore the physical distribution, dynamics and reaction energetics of this machine before and after TCR binding to pMHC. I will illustrate a few basic notions of TCR signalling and potent quantitative in-cell approaches used to interpret TCR signalling behaviour. I will provide two examples where mathematical formalisation will be welcome to better understand the TCR signalling process.

Please see https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/qbiox-colloquium-dunn-school-seminar-hil… for further details.

Bacteria swim by rotating semi-rigid helical flagellar filaments, using an ion driven rotary motor embedded in the membrane. Bacteria are too small to sense a spatial gradient and therefore sense changes in time, and use the signals to bias their direction changing pattern to bias overall swimming towards a favourable environment. I will discuss how interdisciplinary research has helped us understand both the mechanism of motor function and its control by chemosensory signals.

Please see https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/qbiox-colloquium-dunn-school-seminar-hil…

for details.

This is the continuation of a discussion of  Ezra Miller's paper https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.08155.

I will talk about some recent work with Chantal David and Matilde Lalin about the mean value of L-functions associated to cubic characters over F_q[t] when q=1 (mod 3). I will explain how to obtain an asymptotic formula with a (maybe a little surprising) main term, which relies on using results from the theory of metaplectic Eisenstein series about cancellation in averages of cubic Gauss sums over functions fields.

A polymer, or microscopic elastic filament, is often modelled as a linear chain of rigid bodies interacting both with themselves and a heat bath. Then the classic notions of persistence length are related to how certain correlations decay with separation along the chain. I will introduce these standard notions in mathematical terms suitable for non specialists, and describe the standard results that apply in the simplest cases of wormlike chain models that have a straight, minimum energy (or ground or intrinsic) shape. Then I will introduce an appropriate  splitting of a matrix recursion in the group SE(3) which deconvolves the distinct effects of stiffness and intrinsic shape in the more complicated behaviours of correlations that arise when the polymer is not intrinsically straight. The new theory will be illustrated by fully implementing it within a simple sequence-dependent rigid base pair model of DNA. In that particular context, the persistence matrix factorisation generalises and justifies the prior scalar notions of static and dynamic persistence lengths.

Our general theory, which encompasses two different aggregation properties (Neuberger, 2012; Bondarenko, 2014) establishes a wide variety of new, unbiased and efficient risk premia estimators. Empirical results on meticulously-constructed daily, investable, constant-maturity  S&P500 higher-moment premia reveal significant, previously-undocumented, regime-dependent behavior. The variance premium is fully priced by Fama and French (2015) factors during the volatile regime, but has significant negative alpha in stable markets.  Also only during stable periods, a small, positive but significant third-moment premium is not fully priced by the variance and equity premia. There is no evidence for a separate fourth-moment premium.

In micro-fluidics, at small scales where inertial effects become negligible, surface to volume ratios are large and the interfacial processes are extremely important for the overall dynamics. Integral
equation based methods are attractive for the simulations of e.g. droplet-based microfluidics, with tiny water drops dispersed in oil, stabilized by surfactants. In boundary integral formulations for
Stokes flow, jumps in pressure and velocity gradients are naturally taken care of, viscosity ratios enter only in coefficients of the equations, and only the drop surfaces must be discretized and not the volume inside nor in between.

We present numerical methods for drops with insoluble surfactants, both in two and three dimensions. We discretize the integral equations using Nyström methods, and special care is taken in the evaluation of singular and also nearly singular integrals that is needed in the case of close drop interactions. A spectral method is used to solve the advection-diffusion equation on each drop surface that describes the evolution of surfactant concentration. The drop velocity and surfactant concentration couple together through an equation of state for the surface tension coefficient. An adaptive time-stepping strategy is developed for the coupled problem, with the constraint to minimize the number of Stokes solves, since this is the computationally most expensive part.

For high quality discretization of the drops throughout the simulations, a hybrid method is used in two dimensions, offering an arc-length parameterization of the interface. In three dimensions, a
reparameterization procedure is developed to optimize the spherical harmonics representation of the drop, while conserving the drop volume and amount of surfactant.

We present results from some validation tests and illustrate the ability of the numerical methods in different challenging problems.

The basic mathematical models that describe the behavior of fluid flows date back to the eighteenth century, and yet many phenomena observed in experiments are far from being well understood from a theoretical viewpoint. For instance, especially challenging is the study of fundamental stability mechanisms when weak dissipative forces (generated, for example, by molecular friction) interact with advection processes, such as mixing and stirring. The goal of this talk is to have an overview on recent results on a variety of aspects related to hydrodynamic stability, such as the stability of vortices and laminar flows, the enhancement of dissipative force via mixing, and the statistical description of turbulent flows.

We will discuss topological and algebraic aspects of splittings of free groups. In particular we will look at the core of two splittings in terms of CAT(0) cube complexes and systems of surfaces in a doubled handlebody.

Multivariate cryptography is one of a handful of proposals for post-quantum cryptographic schemes, i.e. cryptographic schemes that are secure also against attacks carried on with a quantum computer. Their security relies on the assumption that solving a system of multivariate (quadratic) equations over a finite field is computationally hard. 

Groebner bases allow us to solve systems of polynomial equations. Therefore, one of the key questions in assessing the robustness of multivariate cryptosystems is estimating how long it takes to compute the Groebner basis of a given system of polynomial equations. 

After introducing multivariate cryptography and Groebner bases, I will present a rigorous method to estimate the complexity of computing a Groebner basis. This approach is based on techniques from commutative algebra and is joint work with Alessio Caminata (University of Barcelona).

About fifteen years ago, Thomas Scanlon and I gave a description of sets that arise as the intersection of a subvariety with a finitely generated subgroup inside a semiabelian variety over a finite field. Inspired by later work of Derksen on the positive characteristic Skolem-Mahler-Lech theorem, which turns out to be a special case, Jason Bell and I have recently recast those results in terms of finite automata. I will report on this work, as well as on the work-in-progress it has engendered, also with Bell, on an effective version of the isotrivial Mordell-Lang theorem.

Starting from the seminal paper of Caporaso-Harris-Mazur, it has been proved that if Lang's Conjecture holds in arbitrary dimension, then it implies a uniform bound for the number of rational points in a curve of general type and analogue results in higher dimensions. In joint work with Kenny Ascher we prove analogue statements for integral points (or more specifically stably-integral points) on curves of log general type and we extend these to higher dimensions. The techniques rely on very recent developments in the theory of moduli spaces for stable pairs, a higher dimensional analogue of pointed stable curves.
If time permits we will discuss how very interesting problems arise in dimension 2 that are related to the geometry of the log-cotangent bundle.

Please note that this seminar will take place at the Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory within the
Department of Chemistry, room, PTCL lecture theatre.

We give an alternative, statistical physics based proof of the Ω(d2^{-d}) lower bound for the maximum sphere packing density in dimension d by showing that a random configuration from the hard sphere model has this density in expectation. While the leading constant we achieve is not the best known, we do obtain additional geometric information: we prove a lower bound on the entropy density of sphere packings at this density, a measure of how plentiful such packings are. This is joint work with Felix Joos and Will Perkins.

Within the wide field of sparse approximation, convolutional sparse coding (CSC) has gained considerable attention in the computer vision and machine learning communities. While several works have been devoted to the practical aspects of this model, a systematic theoretical understanding of CSC seems to have been left aside. In this talk, I will present a novel analysis of the CSC problem based on the observation that, while being global, this model can be characterized and analyzed locally. By imposing only local sparsity conditions, we show that uniqueness of solutions, stability to noise contamination and success of pursuit algorithms are globally guaranteed. I will then present a Multi-Layer extension of this model and show its close relation to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). This connection brings a fresh view to CNNs, as one can attribute to this architecture theoretical claims under local sparse assumptions, which shed light on ways of improving the design and implementation of these networks. Last, but not least, we will derive a learning algorithm for this model and demonstrate its applicability in unsupervised settings.

In this talk, we revisit the cubic regularization (CR) method for solving smooth non-convex optimization problems and study its local convergence behaviour. In their seminal paper, Nesterov and Polyak showed that the sequence of iterates of the CR method converges quadratically a local minimum under a non-degeneracy assumption, which implies that the local minimum is isolated. However, many optimization problems from applications such as phase retrieval and low-rank matrix recovery have non-isolated local minima. In the absence of the non-degeneracy assumption, the result was downgraded to the superlinear convergence of function values. In particular, they showed that the sequence of function values enjoys a superlinear convergence of order 4/3 (resp. 3/2) if the function is gradient dominated (resp. star-convex and globally non-degenerate). To remedy the situation, we propose a unified local error bound (EB) condition and show that the sequence of iterates of the CR method converges quadratically a local minimum under the EB condition. Furthermore, we prove that the EB condition holds if the function is gradient dominated or if it is star-convex and globally non-degenerate, thus improving the results of Nesterov and Polyak in three aspects: weaker assumption, faster rate and iterate instead of function value convergence. Finally, we apply our results to two concrete non-convex optimization problems that arise from phase retrieval and low-rank matrix recovery. For both problems, we prove that with overwhelming probability, the local EB condition is satisfied and the CR method converges quadratically to a global optimizer. We also present some numerical results on these two problems.

We study how the synchronizability of a diffusive network increases (or decreases) when we add some links in its underlying graph. This is of interest in the context of power grids where people want to prevent from having blackouts, or for neural networks where synchronization is responsible of many diseases such as Parkinson. Based on spectral properties for Laplacian matrices, we show some classification results obtained (with Tiago Pereira and Philipp Pade) with respect to the effects of these links.
 

Hardy's axiomatic approach to quantum theory revealed that just one axiom
distinguishes quantum theory from classical probability theory: there should
be continuous reversible transformations between any pair of pure states. It
is the single word `continuous' that gives rise to quantum theory. This
raises the question: Does there exist a finite theory of quantum physics
(FTQP) which can replicate the tested predictions of quantum theory to
experimental accuracy? Here we show that an FTQP based on complex Hilbert
vectors with rational squared amplitudes and rational phase angles is
possible providing the metric of state space is based on p-adic rather than
Euclidean distance. A key number-theoretic result that accounts for the
Uncertainty Principle in this FTQP is the general incommensurateness between
rational $\phi$ and rational $\cos \phi$. As such, what is often referred to
as quantum `weirdness' is simply a manifestation of such number-theoretic
incommensurateness. By contrast, we mostly perceive the world as classical
because such incommensurateness plays no role in day-to-day physics, and
hence we can treat $\phi$ (and hence $\cos \phi$) as if it were a continuum
variable. As such, in this FTQP there are two incommensurate Schr\"{o}dinger
equations based on the rational differential calculus: one for rational
$\phi$ and one for rational $\cos \phi$. Each of these individually has a

simple probabilistic interpretation - it is their merger into one equation
on the complex continuum that has led to such problems over the years. Based
on this splitting of the Schr\"{o}dinger equation, the measurement problem
is trivially solved in terms of a nonlinear clustering of states on $I_U$.
Overall these results suggest we should consider the universe as a causal
deterministic system evolving on a finite fractal-like invariant set $I_U$
in state space, and that the laws of physics in space-time derive from the
geometry of $I_U$. It is claimed that such a  deterministic causal FTQP will
be much easier to synthesise with general relativity theory than is quantum
theory.

We discuss mathematical questions that play a fundamental role in quantitative analysis of incompressible viscous fluids and other incompressible media. Reliable verification of the quality of approximate solutions requires explicit and computable estimates of the distance to the corresponding generalized solution. In the context of this problem, one of the most essential questions is how to estimate the distance (measured in terms of the gradient norm) to the set of divergence free fields. It is closely related to the so-called inf-sup (LBB) condition or stability lemma for the Stokes problem and requires estimates of the LBB constant. We discuss methods of getting computable bounds of the constant and espective estimates of the distance to exact solutions of the Stokes, generalized Oseen, and Navier-Stokes problems.

One of the fundamental themes of geometric group theory is to
view finitely generated groups as geometric objects in their own right,
and to then understand to what extent the geometry of a group determines
its algebra. A theorem of Stallings says that a finitely generated group
has more than one end if and only if it splits over a finite subgroup.
In this talk, I will explain an analogous geometric characterisation of
when a group admits a splitting over certain classes of infinite subgroups.